Dyslipidemia and Cardiovascular Prevention in the Elderly: A Balance between Benefits and Risks of Statin Treatment in a Specific Population

Abstract

Introduction: Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) are among the most relevant causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in aged people. Statins are one of the leading pharmacological interventions against atherosclerosis and are widely used to reduce the risk of occurring coronary artery diseases and related outcomes in both primary and secondary prevention. The management of chronic diseases is improved considerably over time, leading to an increase in life expectancy despite heavier comorbidity-related burdens in the elderly.

Aims: The paper focused on the role of statins in the management of atherosclerosis and related burdens in elderly patients.

Results: Statins are essential in reducing the risk of CVD in secondary and primary prevention, particularly in high-risk individuals. Guidelines encourage using specific algorithms with age-specific cutoffs to assess individual cardiovascular risk irrespective of baseline age, as the expansion of life expectancy produces favorable effects of statin treatment in those over 70.

Discussion: Besides the estimation of baseline CV risk, a specific age-related assessment is also necessary before prescribing statin treatment in aged people focusing on frailty, potential pharmacological interactions due to polypharmacotherapy, cognitive impairment, and background chronic comorbidities, such as diabetes mellitus. Before starting statin therapy, an accurate choice of type and dose of statins is needed as potential adverse events are more prevalent with high-dose than low-to-moderatedose regimens and with lipophile than hydrophile statins (e.g., potential implication on intra-cerebral cholesterol metabolism).

Conclusion: Despite possible adverse events, elderly patients should receive statins, when appropriate, to avoid the first occurrence of recurrent cardiovascular events and related burdens.

Keywords: Elderly; cardiovascular diseases; cognition; dyslipidemia; frailty; primary prevention; secondary prevention.