Actinobacteria are ubiquitous bacteria undergoing complex developmental transitions coinciding with antibiotic production in response to stress or nutrient starvation. This transition is mainly controlled by the interaction between the second messenger c-di-GMP and the master repressor BldD. To date, the upstream factors and the global signal networks that regulate these intriguing cell biological processes remain unknown. In Saccharopolyspora erythraea, we found that acetyl phosphate (AcP) accumulation resulting from environmental nitrogen stress participated in the regulation of BldD activity through cooperation with c-di-GMP. AcP-induced acetylation of BldD at K11 caused the BldD dimer to fall apart and dissociate from the target DNA and disrupted the signal transduction of c-di-GMP, thus governing both developmental transition and antibiotic production. Additionally, practical mutation of BldDK11R bypassing acetylation regulation could enhance the positive effect of BldD on antibiotic production. The study of AcP-dependent acetylation is usually confined to the control of enzyme activity. Our finding represents an entirely different role of the covalent modification caused by AcP, which integrated with c-di-GMP signal in modulating the activity of BldD for development and antibiotic production, coping with environmental stress. This coherent regulatory network might be widespread across actinobacteria, thus has broad implications.
© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.