Observational studies must be reformed before the next pandemic

Affiliations

• ¹ Epidemiology and Data Management Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA. emily.ricotta@nih.gov.
• ² Department of Bioethics, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
• ³ Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology & Bioethics, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
• ⁴ Department of Philosophy, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA.