To examine whether nicardipine, a dihydropyridine derivative, limits size of myocardial infarction, and to compare the protective effects of nicardipine administered before and early and late after coronary artery occlusion, 99mTc-labeled albumin microspheres were injected into the left atrium during 5 min temporary coronary artery occlusion to determine the extent of the hypoperfused zone (the area at risk). The coronary arteries were then reperfused for 45 min before 6 hr permanent coronary artery occlusion. Fifteen minutes before permanent occlusion, dogs were randomly assigned to a control group (n = 11), a pretreatment group (n = 9), which received at this point 10 micrograms/kg of nicardipine as a loading dose followed by a continuous infusion of 8 micrograms/kg/hr for 6 hr, an early treatment group (n = 9), in which nicardipine treatment was initiated 15 min after occlusion, or a late treatment group (n = 8), in which nicardipine administration was delayed for 3 hr. Six hours after coronary artery occlusion, the hearts were excised and the left ventricle of each was cut into 3 mm thick slices and stained with triphenyltetrazolium chloride. The extent of myocardial necrosis was measured by planimetry of the unstained areas. Thereafter, the same slices were autoradiographed and the extent of the hypoperfused zone was measured by planimetry of the "cold spot." The extent of the hypoperfused zone was identical among the four groups. In the control group, the ratio of the extent of myocardial necrosis to the extent of the hypoperfused zone was 95.8 +/- 3.8% (mean +/- SEM). However, it was significantly smaller in the pretreatment group (59.9 +/- 13.3%, p less than .05) and the early treatment group (49.0 +/- 10.6%, p less than .01) than in the control group. In the late treatment group, this value was not different from that in the control group (86.5 +/- 7.1%). There was a close inverse correlation between reduction of infarct size and the extent of the hypoperfused zone in the pretreatment and early treatment groups. Thus, nicardipine administered before or early after coronary artery occlusion limited infarct size by 37% to 49%, whereas when administration was delayed for 3 hr infarct size was not reduced. Furthermore, nicardipine had more striking effects on the ischemic myocardium of dogs with small hypoperfused zones than on that of dogs with large hypoperfused zones.