Left ventricular global longitudinal strain as a prognosticator in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with a low-normal left ventricular ejection fraction

Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2023 Sep 26;24(10):1374-1383. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jead177.

Abstract

Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic utility of left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS) in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and an LV ejection fraction (LVEF) of 50-60%.

Methods and results: This retrospective cohort study included 349 patients with HCM and an LVEF of 50-60%. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, including sudden cardiac death (SCD) and SCD-equivalent events. The secondary outcomes were SCD/SCD-equivalent events, cardiovascular death (including SCD), and all-cause death. The final analysis included 349 patients (mean age 59.2 ± 14.2 years, men 75.6%). During a median follow-up of 4.1 years, the primary outcome occurred in 26 (7.4%), while the secondary outcomes of SCD/SCD-equivalent events, cardiovascular death, and all-cause death occurred in 15 (4.2%), 20 (5.7%), and 34 (9.7%), respectively. After adjusting for age, atrial fibrillation, ischaemic stroke, LVEF, and left atrial volume index, absolute LV-GLS (%) was independently associated with the primary outcome [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.788-0.988, P = 0.029]. According to receiver operating characteristic analysis, 10.5% is an optimal cut-off value for absolute LV-GLS in predicting the primary outcome. Patients with an absolute LV-GLS ≤ 10.5% had a higher risk of the primary outcome than those with an absolute LV-GLS > 10.5% (adjusted HR 2.54, 95% CI 1.117-5.787, P = 0.026). Absolute LV-GLS ≤ 10.5% was an independent predictor for each secondary outcome (P < 0.05).

Conclusions: LV-GLS was an independent predictor of a composite of cardiovascular death, including SCD/SCD-equivalent events, in patients with HCM and an LVEF of 50-60%. Therefore, LV-GLS can help in risk stratification in these patients.

Keywords: left ventricular systolic dysfunction; mortality; risk stratification; sudden cardiac death.

MeSH terms

  • Aged
  • Brain Ischemia* / complications
  • Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic* / complications
  • Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic* / diagnostic imaging
  • Death, Sudden, Cardiac
  • Global Longitudinal Strain
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Prognosis
  • Retrospective Studies
  • Risk Factors
  • Stroke Volume
  • Stroke*
  • Ventricular Dysfunction, Left*
  • Ventricular Function, Left