Muscle quality and not quantity as a predictor of survival in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Abstract

Background: Sarcopenia is frequent in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), as a consequence of malnutrition related to risk factors or tumoral mass. Treatment is associated with toxicities that lead to reduced calories intake and muscle mass wasting. Sarcopenia has been negatively associated with tumor control and survival outcomes.

Purpose: Our aim is to evaluate the prognostic impact of sarcopenia on overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) in HNSCC patients undergoing chemoradiation therapy within a prospective clinical trial of chemoradiation vs induction chemotherapy followed by radiation and cetuximab (INTERCEPTOR).

Materials and methods: On baseline CT or MRI, we investigated the association between OS and PFS with radiological markers of sarcopenia, measured at the third cervical vertebra level. We studied paravertebral skeletal muscles area (cm²), muscle density (HU), muscle index (cm²/m²), and intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) area (cm²).

Results: Imaging of 128 patients was evaluable. We found out that higher body mass index (BMI) was associated with better OS (p = 0.02), and PFS (p = 0.04). Skeletal muscle area (p = 0.02), and IMAT (p = 0.02) were negatively associated with PFS. IMAT was positively correlated with muscle area (Correlation coefficient 0.6, CI95% 0.47-0.7), and negatively associated with muscle density (Correlation coefficient -0.37, CI95% -0.53 - -0.18).

Conclusions: IMAT can be used as predictor of PFS in HNC patients undergoing chemoradiation therapy. The amount of intermuscular fat deposits induces alterations of muscle quality, without alterations of muscle quantity, influencing patients' prognosis.

Keywords: C3 muscle area; Head and neck cancer; IMAT; Muscle density; Muscle quality; Myosteatosis; Sarcopenia.