The use of deep learning enables high diagnostic accuracy in detecting syndesmotic instability on weight-bearing CT scanning

Abstract

Purpose: Delayed diagnosis of syndesmosis instability can lead to significant morbidity and accelerated arthritic change in the ankle joint. Weight-bearing computed tomography (WBCT) has shown promising potential for early and reliable detection of isolated syndesmotic instability using 3D volumetric measurements. While these measurements have been reported to be highly accurate, they are also experience-dependent, time-consuming, and need a particular 3D measurement software tool that leads the clinicians to still show more interest in the conventional diagnostic methods for syndesmotic instability. The purpose of this study was to increase accuracy, accelerate analysis time, and reduce interobserver bias by automating 3D volume assessment of syndesmosis anatomy using WBCT scans.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using previously collected WBCT scans of patients with unilateral syndesmotic instability. One-hundred and forty-four bilateral ankle WBCT scans were evaluated (48 unstable, 96 control). We developed three deep learning models for analyzing WBCT scans to recognize syndesmosis instability. These three models included two state-of-the-art models (Model 1-3D Convolutional Neural Network [CNN], and Model 2-CNN with long short-term memory [LSTM]), and a new model (Model 3-differential CNN LSTM) that we introduced in this study.

Results: Model 1 failed to analyze the WBCT scans (F1 score = 0). Model 2 only misclassified two cases (F1 score = 0.80). Model 3 outperformed Model 2 and achieved a nearly perfect performance, misclassifying only one case (F1 score = 0.91) in the control group as unstable while being faster than Model 2.

Conclusions: In this study, a deep learning model for 3D WBCT syndesmosis assessment was developed that achieved very high accuracy and accelerated analytics. This deep learning model shows promise for use by clinicians to improve diagnostic accuracy, reduce measurement bias, and save both time and expenditure for the healthcare system.

Level of evidence: II.

Keywords: Deep learning; Diagnosis; Machine learning; Syndesmotic Instability; Weight-bearing computed tomography.