Evaluating relationships between seed morphological traits and seed dormancy in Chenopodium quinoa Willd

Emma M McGinty; Evan B Craine; Nathan D Miller; Cristina Ocana-Gallegos; Edgar P Spalding; Kevin M Murphy; Amber L Hauvermale

doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1161165

Evaluating relationships between seed morphological traits and seed dormancy in Chenopodium quinoa Willd

Front Plant Sci. 2023 Oct 20:14:1161165. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1161165. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Emma M McGinty¹, Evan B Craine², Nathan D Miller³, Cristina Ocana-Gallegos¹, Edgar P Spalding³, Kevin M Murphy¹, Amber L Hauvermale¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
² The Land Institute, Salina, KS, United States.
³ Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.

Abstract

Introduction: Quinoa is a high-value, nutritious crop that performs well in variable environments, marginal soils, and in diverse crop rotations. Quinoa's many attributes make it an ideal crop for supporting human health in global communities and economies. To date, quinoa research has largely focused on traits in adult plants important for enhancing plant phenotypic plasticity, abiotic stress, disease resistance, and yield. Fewer studies have evaluated quinoa seed dormancy and suggest that most modern quinoa varieties have weak or no seed dormancy, and a narrow window of seed viability post-harvest. In other crops, diminished seed dormancy is a major risk factor for preharvest sprouting (PHS; germination on the panicle due to rain prior to harvest) and may also pose a similar risk for quinoa.

Methods: This study (1) developed a dormancy screening assay to characterize seed dormancy strength in a large collection of quinoa varieties, (2) investigated if morphological variables including seed coat color, seed coat thickness, seed shape including eccentricity which evaluates the roundness or flatness of a seed, and other agronomic traits like crude protein content and seed moisture, contribute to quinoa seed dormancy, and (3) evaluated the use of a phenetic modeling approach to explore relationships between seed morphology and seed dormancy.

Results: Dormancy screening indicated seed dormancy ranges in quinoa varieties from none to strong dormancy. Further, phenetic modeling approaches indicate that seed coat thickness and eccentricity are important morphological variables that impact quinoa seed dormancy strength.

Conclusions: While dormancy screening and phenetic modeling approaches do not provide a direct solution to preventing PHS in quinoa, they do provide new tools for identifying dormant varieties as well as morphological variables contributing to seed dormancy.

Keywords: Chenopodium quinoa Willd.; agronomic traits; high-throughput phenotyping related to the seed morphology and composition analysis; morphological traits; phenetic modeling; preharvest sprout (PHS); seed dormancy.

Grants and funding

The authors declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This research was funded by the Washington State University Orville A. Vogel Wheat Research fund, by the United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) National Institute of Food and Agriculture’s (NIFA) Sustainable Agricultural Systems (SAS) program, grant number WNP00882, and by the Foundation for Food & Agricultural Research’s (FFAR) Seeding Solutions program in the Health-Agriculture Nexus Challenge Area, grant number CA20-SS-0000000158. Matching FFAR funding was also provided by Ardent Mills, Brabender CWB, Lundberg Family Farms, Rebellyous Foods, and Washington State University.