A systematic review of surgical simulation in gender affirmation surgery

Abstract

The burgeoning field of gender affirmation surgery (GAS) has become increasingly complex, challenging plastic surgeons to meet high standards for their patients. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the emphasis on remote learning ushered in the increased use of surgical simulation training, offering residents the opportunity to trial challenging procedures before treating patients. This systematic review seeks to summarize current simulation training models used in GAS. A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA-P guidelines using the following databases: PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane. Inclusion criteria were English-language peer-reviewed articles on surgical simulation techniques or training related to the field of gender surgery. Skills and techniques taught and assessed, model type, equipment, and cost were abstracted from articles. Our search criteria identified 1650 articles, 10 of which met the inclusion criteria for data extraction. Simulation models included those that involved cadavers (n = 2), synthetic benchtop (n = 5), augmented/virtual reality (n = 2), and 3D-printed interfaces (n = 1). The most common procedure involved breast or pectoral reconstruction and/or augmentation (n = 5), followed by vaginal reconstruction (n = 3). One simulation model involved facial GAS. All models focused on surgical technique and anatomy, three on suture skills or knot-tying, and one on surgical decision-making. The evolving field of GAS requires that plastic surgery trainees be knowledgeable on surgical techniques surrounding this scope of practice. Surgical simulation not only teaches residents how to master techniques but also helps address the sensitive nature of GAS.

Keywords: Bottom surgery; Gender affirmation surgery; Phalloplasty; Surgical simulation; Top surgery; Vaginoplasty.