Distance-based paper analytical devices integrated with molecular imprinted polymers for Escherichia coli quantification

Abstract

The development of distance-based paper analytical devices (dPADs) integrated with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) to monitor Escherichia coli (E. coli) levels in food samples is presented. The fluidic workflow on the device is controlled using a designed hydrophilic bridge valve. Dopamine serves as a monomer for the formation of the E. coli-selective MIP layer on the dPADs. The detection principle relies on the inhibition of the E. coli toward copper (II) (Cu²⁺)-triggered oxidation of o-phenylenediamine (OPD) on the paper substrate. Quantitative detection is simply determined through visual observation of the residual yellow color of the OPD in the detection zone, which is proportional to E. coli concentration. The sensing exhibits a linear range from 25.0 to 1200.0 CFU mL^-1 (R² = 0.9992) and a detection limit (LOD) of 25.0 CFU mL^-1 for E. coli detection. Additionally, the technique is highly selective with no interference even from the molecules that have shown to react with OPD to form oxidized OPD. The developed device demonstrates accuracy and precision for E. coli quantification in food samples with recovery percentages between 98.3 and 104.7% and the highest relative standard deviation (RSD) of 4.55%. T-test validation shows no significant difference in E. coli concentration measured between our method and a commercial assay. The proposed dPAD sensor has the potential for selective and affordable E. coli determination in food samples without requiring sample preparation. Furthermore, this strategy can be extended to monitor other molecules for which MIP can be developed and integrated into paper-microfluidic platform.

Keywords: Colorimetric detection; Distance-based paper analytical devices (dPADs); Escherichia coli (E. coli); Food analysis; Foodborne pathogen; Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs).