The human SMAD9 (GCC) repeat links to natural selection and late-onset neurocognitive disorders

Abstract

Introduction: Whereas (GCC)-repeats are overrepresented in genic regions, and mutation hotspots, they are largely unexplored with regard to their link with natural selection. Across numerous primate species and tissues, SMAD9 (SMAD Family Member 9) reaches highest level of expression in the human brain. This gene contains a (GCC)-repeat in the interval between + 1 and + 60 of the transcription start site, which is in the high-ranking (GCC)-repeats with respect to length.

Methods: Here we sequenced this (GCC)-repeat in 396 Iranian individuals, consisting of late-onset neurocognitive disorder (NCD) (N = 181) and controls (N = 215).

Results: We detected two predominantly abundant alleles of 7 and 9 repeats, forming 96.2% of the allele pool. The (GCC)7/(GCC)9 ratio was in the reverse order in the NCD group versus controls (p = 0.005), resulting from excess of (GCC)7 in the NCD group (p = 0.003) and (GCC)9 in the controls (p = 0.01). Five genotypes, predominantly consisting of (GCC)7 and lacking (GCC)9 were detected in the NCD group only (p = 0.008). The patients harboring those genotypes received the diagnoses of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD). Five genotypes consisting of (GCC)9 and lacking (GCC)7 were detected in the control group only (p = 0.002). The group-specific genotypes formed approximately 4% of the genotype pool in the human samples studied.

Conclusion: We propose natural selection and a novel locus for late-onset AD and VD at the SMAD9 (GCC)-repeat in humans.

Keywords: (GCC) repeat; Alzheimer’s disease; Late-onset neurocognitive disorder; Natural selection; SMAD9; Vascular dementia.