Patterns of cognitive domain abnormalities enhance discrimination of dementia risk prediction: The ARIC study

Abstract

Introduction: The contribution of neuropsychological assessments to risk assessment for incident dementia is underappreciated.

Methods: We analyzed neuropsychological testing results in dementia-free participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. We examined associations of index domain-specific neuropsychological test performance with incident dementia using cumulative incidence curves and Cox proportional hazards models.

Results: Among 5296 initially dementia-free participants (mean [standard deviation] age of 75.8 [5.1] years; 60.1% women, 22.2% Black) over a median follow-up of 7.9 years, the covariate-adjusted hazard ratio varied substantially depending on the pattern of domain-specific performance and age, in an orderly manner from single domain language abnormalities (lowest risk) to single domain executive or memory abnormalities, to multidomain abnormalities including memory (highest risk).

Discussion: By identifying normatively defined cognitive abnormalities by domains based on neuropsychological test performance, there is a conceptually orderly and age-sensitive spectrum of risk for incident dementia that provides valuable information about the likelihood of progression.

Highlights: Domain-specific cognitive profiles carry enhanced prognostic value compared to mild cognitive impairment. Single-domain non-amnestic cognitive abnormalities have the most favorable prognosis. Multidomain amnestic abnormalities have the greatest risk for incident dementia. Patterns of domain-specific risks are similar by sex and race.

Keywords: incident dementia; mild cognitive impairment; neuropsychological testing.