Background: Recent findings suggest increased excitatory heteronymous feedback from quadriceps onto soleus may contribute to abnormal coactivation of knee and ankle extensors after stroke. However, there is lack of consensus on whether persons post-stroke exhibit altered heteronymous reflexes and, when present, the origin of increased excitation (i.e. increased excitation alone and/or decreased inhibition). This study examined heteronymous excitation and inhibition from quadriceps onto soleus in paretic, nonparetic, and age-matched control limbs to determine whether increased excitation was due to excitatory and/or reduced inhibitory reflex circuits. A secondary purpose was to examine whether heteronymous reflex magnitudes were related to clinical measures of lower limb recovery, walking-speed, and dynamic balance.
Methods: Heteronymous excitation and inhibition from quadriceps onto soleus were examined in fourteen persons post-stroke and fourteen age-matched unimpaired participants. Heteronymous feedback was elicited by femoral nerve and quadriceps muscle stimulation in separate trials while participants tonically activated soleus at 20% max. Fugl-Myer assessment of lower extremity, 10-meter walk test, and Mini-BESTest were assessed in stroke survivors.
Results: Heteronymous excitation and inhibition onsets, durations, and magnitudes were not different between paretic, nonparetic or age-matched unimpaired limbs. Quadriceps stimulation elicited excitation that was half the magnitude of femoral nerve stimulation. Femoral nerve elicited paretic limb heteronymous excitation was positively correlated with walking speed but did not reach significance because only a subset of paretic limbs exhibited excitation (n = 8, Spearman r = 0.69, P = 0.058).
Conclusions: Heteronymous feedback from quadriceps onto soleus assessed in a seated posture was not impaired in persons post-stroke. Despite being unable to identify whether reduced inhibition contributes to abnormal excitation reported in prior studies, our results indicate quadriceps stimulation may allow a better estimate of heteronymous inhibition in those that exhibit exaggerated excitation. Heteronymous excitation magnitude in the paretic limb was positively correlated with self-selected walking speed suggesting paretic limb excitation at the higher end of a normal range may facilitate walking ability after stroke. Future studies are needed to identify whether heteronymous feedback from Q onto SOL is altered after stroke in upright postures and during motor tasks as a necessary next step to identify mechanisms underlying motor impairment.
Keywords: Golgi tendon organ; Stroke; abnormal coactivation; femoral nerve; heteronymous reflexes; muscle spindle; proprioceptive feedback; quadriceps; recurrent inhibition.