Role of MTHFR, IRF6, PAX7 and TP63 SNPs in susceptibility to non-syndromic orofacial cleft, a candidate gene study in a Portuguese population

Abstract

Background: Non-syndromic orofacial cleft (NSOC) is a complex phenotype, involving multiple genetic and environmental factors. Association studies exploring the genetic susceptibility to this prevalent oral malformation show variability of results in different populations. Using a candidate gene approach, we aimed to verify the role of four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the susceptibility to NSOC in Portuguese patients.

Methods: A total of 254 non-consanguineous individuals of Portuguese were recruited, including 120 patients with NSOC and 134 controls. About 92% of these patients had non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) and 8% had only non-syndromic cleft palate (NSCP). SNPs in the MTHFR (rs1801133), IRF6 (rs642961), PAX7 (rs742071) and TP63 (rs9332461) genes were studied, using a real-time approach with TaqMan probes. Allelic, genotypic, dominant, recessive and over-dominant models were explored using a chi-squared test. Adjusted p-value was calculated for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR).

Results: All SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. For MTHFR, IRF6, and PAX7 SNPs, no statistically significant difference was highlighted for any of the evaluated models. For TP63 SNP, data fitted an over-dominant model, with a protective effect for heterozygotes (OR 1.897; CI 95% [1.144-3.147]; p < .016, when comparing controls vs. cases), but significance was lost when applying adjusted p-value for multiple comparisons (4 × 5 tests).

Conclusion: In this Portuguese population, there was no evidence of an association between the evaluated SNPs and NSOC. For TP63 SNP, the possibility of a protective effect of heterozygotes should be further investigated.

Keywords: IRF6; MTHFR; PAX7; TP63; candidate gene; non‐syndromic orofacial clefts; single‐nucleotide polymorphism.