Patterns of opioid prescription fills in birthing people undergoing vaginal and cesarean birth in the United States

Affiliations

• ¹ University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI.
• ² Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
• ³ Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Michigan Opioid Prescribing Engagement Network, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
• ⁴ Michigan Opioid Prescribing Engagement Network, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
• ⁵ Department Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.
• ⁶ Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Michigan Opioid Prescribing Engagement Network, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Center for Healthcare Outcomes and Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
• ⁷ Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd. Bldg. 14, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Program on Women's Healthcare Effectiveness Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. Electronic address: alexfrie@med.umich.edu.