The pipeline of new antibiotics is insufficient to keep pace with the growing global burden of drug-resistant infections. Substantial economic challenges discourage private investment in antibiotic research and development (R&D), with a decline in the number of companies and researchers working in the field. Compounding these issues, many countries (from low income to high income) face a growing crisis of antibiotic shortages and inequitable access to existing and emerging treatments. This has led to an increasing role for public and philanthropic funding in supporting antibiotic R&D via the creation of nonprofit public-private partnerships, including Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Biopharmaceutical Accelerator (CARB-X) and the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership (GARDP), industry support for the AMR Action Fund, and pilot schemes to evaluate and reimburse antibiotics in innovative ways. Now is the time to raise the urgency, ambition and commitments of the world's leaders to fully support the antibiotic R&D ecosystem, incentivizing all sectors to conduct public health-driven antibiotic R&D and make effective antibiotics accessible to all who need them.
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