The shortage of water resources and the irrational application of nitrogen fertilizer restrict the synergistic enhancement of yield and water- and fertilizer-use efficiencies of wheat in the Huang-Huai-Hai region. In this study, we conducted an experiment following two-factor split zone design with three irrigation levels and four nitrogen application rates. The relative water content of the 0-40 cm soil layer was supplemented to 65% (W1), 75% (W2), and 85% (W3) of field water capacity at the jointing and anthesis stages of wheat. The rates of nitrogen application were 0 (N0), 150 (N1), 180 (N2), and 210 (N3) kg·hm-2. We analyzed the effects of these different managements on post-anthesis photosynthetic matter production, yield, and water- and nitrogen-use efficiencies. The results showed that yield first increased with increases in the levels of irrigation and nitrogen application, peaking under the W2N2 treatment (9103.53 kg·hm-2). However, further increases in water and nitrogen input did not have further enhancement of wheat yield. Under the same nitrogen application condition, compared with W1 treatment, the canopy light interception rate, chlorophyll relative content and actual photochemical efficiency after anthesis increased by 4.5%-6.0%, 19.7%-28.2%, and 7.5%-9.8% in response to the W2 treatment, respectively, without any difference between the W2 and W3 irrigation levels. At the same irrigation level, post-anthesis dry matter accumulation in repose to the N2 treatment increased by 80.1%-88.9% and 16.7%-22.2% compared with N0 and N1 treatments, respectively, without significant difference between the N2 and N3 treatments. Both the irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) and the nitrogen partial factor productivity declined with increases in the levels of irrigation and nitrogen application. Under the W1, W2, and W3 treatments, the values obtained for IWUE were 16.23, 11.01, and 7.91 kg·hm-2·m-3, respectively, whereas in response to the N1, N2, and N3 treatments, N partial factor productivity was 50.8%, 48.4%, and 42.5%, respectively. In all, based on soil moisture measurements and assessments of wheat yield and water- and nitrogen-use efficiencies, the optimal water and nitrogen management strategy for enhancing wheat yield in the Huang-Huai-Hai region is supplementation of water content of 0-40 cm soil layer at the jointing and anthesis stages to 75% field capacity combined with the application of 180 kg·hm-2 nitrogen (W2N2). This approach could achieve high yield and efficiency and promote conservation of water and fertilizer.
黄淮海地区水资源紧缺以及氮肥不合理施用制约着小麦产量和水肥利用效率的协同提高。本研究采用两因素裂区设计,主区为3个灌溉水平:在小麦拔节期和开花期0~40 cm土层土壤相对含水量均分别补灌至65%(W1)、75%(W2)和85%(W3);副区为4个施氮量:施纯氮0(N0)、150(N1)、180(N2)和210(N3)kg·hm-2,分析不同水氮运筹方式对小麦花后光合物质生产能力、籽粒产量和水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明: 小麦产量随灌溉水平和施氮量的提高呈增加趋势,W2N2处理具有较高的籽粒产量,为9103.53 kg·hm-2;继续增加水氮投入对小麦产量无显著影响。在相同施氮量条件下,与W1相比,W2条件下小麦花后冠层光截获率、叶绿素相对含量和实际光化学效率分别平均提高了4.5%~6.0%、19.7%~28.2%和7.5%~9.8%,与W3相比均无显著差异。同一灌溉水平下,N2处理花后干物质积累量较N0和N1处理分别平均增加80.1%~88.9%和16.7%~22.2%,与N3处理间无显著差异。小麦灌溉水利用效率和氮肥偏生产力均表现为随灌溉水平和施氮量的增加而降低,W1、W2和W3处理下小麦灌溉水利用效率分别为16.23、11.01和7.91 kg·hm-2·m-3,N1、N2和N3处理下氮肥偏生产力分别为50.8%、48.4%和42.5%。综上,在测墒补灌条件下,综合考虑小麦产量和水氮利用效率,小麦拔节期和开花期0~40 cm土层土壤相对含水量均补灌至75%协同施氮180 kg·hm-2(W2N2)是该地区小麦节水节肥、高产高效的最优水氮运筹方式。.
Keywords: dry matter transport; high yield and efficiency; photosynthetic matter production; winter wheat; yield.