Penicipyrrolizidinones A-C, three pyrrolizidinone alkaloids with unprecedented skeletons from the mangrove-derived fungus Penicillium sp. DM27

Abstract

Three previously undescribed pyrrolizidinone alkaloids, penicipyrrolizidinones A and B (1 and 2), possessing an unprecedented 2-methyl-2-(oct-6-enoyl)pyrrolizidin-3-one skeleton, and penicipyrrolizidinone C (3), featuring a rare 1-alkenyl-2-methyl-pyrrolizidin-3,7-dione skeleton, together with four known pyrrolidine derivatives (4-7) were isolated from the mangrove-derived fungus Penicillium sp. DM27. Their structures were elucidated through comprehensive spectroscopic analysis, theoretical calculations of ECD spectra, and the modified Mosher's method. A plausible biosynthetic pathway for penicipyrrolizidinones A-C (1-3) was proposed. Compounds 4 and 5 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against B16-F10 melanoma cells with IC₅₀ values of 10.5 μM and 15.5 μM, respectively.

Keywords: B16-F10 melanoma cells; Cytotoxicity; Mangrove-derived fungus; Penicillium sp. DM27; Pyrrolidine derivatives; Pyrrolizidinone alkaloids.