Type 2 hypersensitivity disorders, including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, Graves' disease, myasthenia gravis, immune thrombocytopenia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, dermatomyositis, and graft-versus-host disease, are THαβ-dominant autoimmune diseases

Virulence. 2024 Dec;15(1):2404225. doi: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2404225. Epub 2024 Sep 16.

Abstract

The THαβ host immunological pathway contributes to the response to infectious particles (viruses and prions). Furthermore, there is increasing evidence for associations between autoimmune diseases, and particularly type 2 hypersensitivity disorders, and the THαβ immune response. For example, patients with systemic lupus erythematosus often produce anti-double stranded DNA antibodies and anti-nuclear antibodies and show elevated levels of type 1 interferons, type 3 interferons, interleukin-10, IgG1, and IgA1 throughout the disease course. These cytokines and antibody isotypes are associated with the THαβ host immunological pathway. Similarly, the type 2 hypersensitivity disorders myasthenia gravis, Graves' disease, graft-versus-host disease, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, immune thrombocytopenia, dermatomyositis, and Sjögren's syndrome have also been linked to the THαβ pathway. Considering the potential associations between these diseases and dysregulated THαβ immune responses, therapeutic strategies such as anti-interleukin-10 or anti-interferon α/β could be explored for effective management.

Keywords: Graves’ disease; Tr1; Type 2 hypersensitivity; graft-versus-host disease; myasthenia gravis; systemic lupus erythematosus.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune / immunology
  • Autoimmune Diseases / immunology
  • Cytokines / immunology
  • Dermatomyositis / immunology
  • Graft vs Host Disease / immunology
  • Graves Disease / complications
  • Graves Disease / immunology
  • Humans
  • Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic* / complications
  • Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic* / immunology
  • Myasthenia Gravis / immunology
  • Sjogren's Syndrome / immunology

Substances

  • Cytokines

Grants and funding

This study was supported by grants from the Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation [TCRD-TPE-110-02(2/3) and TCRD-TPE-111-01(3/3)].