Glycemic control contributes to the neuroprotective effects of Mediterranean and green-Mediterranean diets on brain age: the DIRECT PLUS brain-magnetic resonance imaging randomized controlled trial

Abstract

Background: We recently reported that Mediterranean (MED) and green-MED diets significantly attenuated age-related brain atrophy by ∼50% within 18 mo.

Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the contribution of specific diet-induced parameters to brain-volume deviation from chronologic age.

Methods: A post hoc analysis of the 18-mo DIRECT PLUS trial, where participants were randomly assigned to the following groups: 1) healthy dietary guidelines, 2) MED diet, or 3) green-MED diet, high in polyphenols, and low in red meat. Both MED groups consumed 28 g walnuts/d (+440 mg/d polyphenols). The green-MED group further consumed green tea (3-4 cups/d) and Mankai green shake (Wolffia globosa aquatic plant) (+800 mg/d polyphenols). We collected blood samples through the intervention and followed brain structure volumes by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We used hippocampal occupancy (HOC) score (hippocampal and inferior lateral-ventricle volumes ratio) as a neurodegeneration marker and brain-age proxy. We applied multivariate linear regression models.

Results: Of 284 participants [88% male; age = 51.1 y; body mass index = 31.2 kg/m²; hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) = 5.48%; APOE-ε4 genotype = 15.7%], 224 completed the trial with eligible whole-brain MRIs. Individuals with higher HOC deviations (i.e., younger brain age) presented lower body weight [r = -0.204; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.298, -0.101], waist circumference (r = -0.207; 95% CI: -0.310, -0.103), diastolic (r = -0.186; 95% CI: -0.304, -0.072), systolic blood pressure (r = -0.189; 95% CI: -0.308, -0.061), insulin (r = -0.099; 95% CI: -0.194, -0.004), and HbA1c (r = -0.164; 95% CI: -0.337, -0.006) levels. After 18 mo, greater changes in HOC deviations (i.e., brain-age decline attenuation) were independently associated with improved HbA1c (β = -0.254; 95% CI: -0.392, -0.117), HOMA-IR (β = -0.200; 95% CI: -0.346, -0.055), fasting glucose (β = -0.155; 95% CI: -0.293, -0.016), and c-reactive protein (β = -0.153; 95% CI: -0.296, -0.010). Improvement in diabetes status was associated with greater HOC deviation changes than either no change in diabetes status (0.010; 95% CI: 0.002, 0.019) or with an unfavorable change (0.012; 95% CI: 0.002, 0.023). A decline in HbA1c was further associated with greater deviation changes in the thalamus, caudate nucleus, and cerebellum (P < 0.05). Greater consumption of Mankai and green tea (green-MED diet components) were associated with greater HOC deviation changes beyond weight loss.

Conclusions: Glycemic control contributes to the neuroprotective effects of the MED and green-MED diets on brain age. Polyphenols-rich diet components as Mankai and green tea may contribute to a more youthful brain age. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03020186.

Keywords: aging; brain age; dietary intervention; glycemic control; green-Mediterranean; hippocampal occupancy score; polyphenols.