International comparison of hospitalizations and emergency department visits related to mental health conditions across high-income countries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

Nicholas Bowden; Aaron Hedquist; Dannie Dai; Olukorede Abiona; Enrique Bernal-Delgado; Carl Rudolf Blankart; Julie Cartailler; Francisco Estupiñán-Romero; Philip Haywood; Zeynep Or; Irene Papanicolas; Mai Stafford; Steven Wyatt; Reijo Sund; Jean Pierre Uwitonze; Walter P Wodchis; Robin Gauld; Hien Vu; Tania Sawaya; Jose F Figueroa

doi:10.1111/1475-6773.14386

International comparison of hospitalizations and emergency department visits related to mental health conditions across high-income countries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

Health Serv Res. 2024 Oct 1. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.14386. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Nicholas Bowden¹, Aaron Hedquist², Dannie Dai², Olukorede Abiona³, Enrique Bernal-Delgado⁴, Carl Rudolf Blankart^{5

6}, Julie Cartailler⁷, Francisco Estupiñán-Romero⁴, Philip Haywood⁸, Zeynep Or⁹, Irene Papanicolas¹⁰, Mai Stafford¹¹, Steven Wyatt¹², Reijo Sund^{13

14}, Jean Pierre Uwitonze^{5

6}, Walter P Wodchis¹⁵, Robin Gauld¹⁶, Hien Vu¹, Tania Sawaya¹⁰, Jose F Figueroa²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
² Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
³ Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy (MUCHE), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁴ Data Science for Health Services and Policy Research, Institute for Health Sciences in Aragon (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain.
⁵ KPM Center for Public Management, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
⁶ Research, Swiss Institute of Translational and Entrepreneurial Medicine, sitem-insel, Bern, Switzerland.
⁷ Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Applied Research in Economy, Management and Health (LIRAES), Paris City University, Paris, France.
⁸ Menzies Centre for Health Policy and Economics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁹ Institute for Research and Documentation in Health Economics (IRDES), Paris, France.
¹⁰ Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
¹¹ The Health Foundation, London, UK.
¹² West Bromwich, The Strategy Unit, NHS Midlands and Lancashire Commissioning Support Unit, Leyland, UK.
¹³ Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
¹⁴ Knowledge Management Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
¹⁵ Institute of Health Policy Management & Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
¹⁶ Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

PMID: 39351857
DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.14386

Abstract

Objective: To explore variation in rates of acute care utilization for mental health conditions, including hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits, across high-income countries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Data sources and study setting: Administrative patient-level data between 2017 and 2020 of eight high-income countries: Canada, England, Finland, France, New Zealand, Spain, Switzerland, and the United States (US).

Study design: Multi-country retrospective observational study using a federated data approach that evaluated age-sex standardized rates of hospitalizations and ED visits for mental health conditions.

Principal findings: There was significant variation in rates of acute mental health care utilization across countries. Among the subset of four countries with both hospitalization and ED data, the US had the highest pre-COVID-19 combined average annual acute care rate of 1613 episodes/100,000 people (95% CI: 1428, 1797). Finland had the lowest rate of 776 (686, 866). When examining hospitalization rates only, France had the highest rate of inpatient hospitalizations of 988/100,000 (95% CI 858, 1118) while Spain had the lowest at 87/100,000 (95% CI 76, 99). For ED rates for mental health conditions, the US had the highest rate of 958/100,000 (95% CI 861, 1055) while France had the lowest rate with 241/100,000 (95% CI 216, 265). Notable shifts coinciding with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic were observed including a substitution of care setting in the US from ED to inpatient care, and overall declines in acute care utilization in Canada and France.

Conclusion: The study underscores the importance of understanding and addressing variation in acute care utilization for mental health conditions, including the differential effect of COVID-19, across different health care systems. Further research is needed to elucidate the extent to which factors such as workforce capacity, access barriers, financial incentives, COVID-19 preparedness, and community-based care may contribute to these variations.

What is known on this topic: Approximately one billion people globally live with a mental health condition, with significant consequences for individuals and societies. Rates of mental health diagnoses vary across high-income countries, with substantial differences in access to effective care. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated mental health challenges globally, with varying impacts across countries.

What this study adds: This study provides a comprehensive international comparison of hospitalization and emergency department visit rates for mental health conditions across eight high-income countries. It highlights significant variations in acute care utilization patterns, particularly in countries that are more likely to care for people with mental health conditions in emergency departments rather than inpatient facilities The study identifies temporal and cross-country differences in acute care management of mental health conditions coinciding with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Keywords: access/demand/utilization of services; acute inpatient care; comparative health systems/international health; health care organizations and systems; mental health.

Abstract

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