Environmentally friendly screen-printed electrodes for the selective detection of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) in forensic analysis

Anal Methods. 2024 Nov 14;16(44):7633-7642. doi: 10.1039/d4ay01310g.

Abstract

In response to the growing need for sustainable analytical methods, this study explores the repurposing of screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) that would otherwise be discarded. This involves recoating the working electrode surface with a graphite (Gr) and chitosan (CTS) dispersion, creating a reusable SPE (SPE-Gr/CTS). Demonstrating its utility, SPE-Gr/CTS was employed for the detection of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B), a phenylethylamine commonly used for recreational proposes. Identifying 2C-B in fluid oral and seized samples is of great interest for forensic and toxicological applications. The 2C-B detection using SPE-Gr/CTS was optimized in Britton-Robinson buffer solution (0.1 mol L-1) at pH 2.0, employing square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry. The electrochemical behavior of 2C-B on SPE-Gr/CTS exhibited one irreversible oxidation and a reversible redox process. The proposed method presented a dynamic linear range for 2C-B determination (0.05 to 7.5 μmol L-1) with a low LOD (0.015 μmol L-1). Moreover, the stability of 2C-B electrochemical responses on SPE-Gr/CTS was confirmed using the same or different electrodes (N = 3), with a relative standard deviation of less than 5.0%. Interference studies with seventeen other illicit drugs and adulterants demonstrated that the proposed method is selective for 2C-B detection even in the presence of these substances. Real seized and oral fluid samples containing 2C-B were analyzed using this method, and the results were confirmed by LC-MS. The proposed device demonstrates to be an environmentally friendly and selective sensor for 2C-B detection in forensic analysis, offering a rapid and straightforward screening method for seized and biological samples. In addition, a portable and sensitive determination of 2C-B in forensic samples is presented with minimal sample consumption (50 μL).

MeSH terms

  • Chitosan / chemistry
  • Dimethoxyphenylethylamine* / analogs & derivatives
  • Dimethoxyphenylethylamine* / analysis
  • Dimethoxyphenylethylamine* / chemistry
  • Electrochemical Techniques* / instrumentation
  • Electrochemical Techniques* / methods
  • Electrodes*
  • Graphite / chemistry
  • Humans
  • Limit of Detection
  • Substance Abuse Detection / instrumentation
  • Substance Abuse Detection / methods

Substances

  • 2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine
  • Dimethoxyphenylethylamine
  • Graphite
  • Chitosan