The central nervous system (CNS) evokes a complex inflammatory response to injury. Inflammatory cascades are present in traumatic, infectious, and noninfectious disorders affecting the brain. It contains a mixture of pro- and anti-inflammatory reactions involving well-known proteins, but also numerous proteins less explored in these processes. The aim of this study was to explore the distinct inflammatory response in traumatic brain injury (TBI) compared with other CNS injuries by utilization of mass-spectrometry. In total, 56 patients had their cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analyzed with the use of mass-spectrometry. Among these, CSF was collected via an external ventricular drain (EVD) from n = 21 patients with acute TBI. The resulting protein findings were then compared with CSF obtained by lumbar puncture from n = 14 patients with noninfectious CNS disorders comprising relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate-receptor encephalitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and n = 14 patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, herpes simplex encephalitis, and other types of viral meningitis. We also utilized n = 7 healthy controls (HCs). In the comparison between TBI and noninfectious inflammatory CNS disorders, concentrations of 55 proteins significantly differed between the groups. Among them, 23 and 32 proteins were up- and downregulated, respectively, in the TBI group. No proteins were uniquely identified in either group. In the comparison of TBI and HC, 51 proteins were significantly different, with 24 and 27 proteins being up- and downregulated, respectively, in TBI. Two proteins (fibrinogen gamma chain and transketolase) were uniquely identified in all samples of the TBI group. Also in the last comparison, TBI versus infectious inflammatory CNS disorders, 51 proteins differed between the two groups, with 19 and 32 proteins being up- and downregulated, respectively, in TBI, and no unique proteins being identified. Due to large discrepancies between the groups compared, the following proteins were selected for further deeper analysis among those being differentially regulated: APOE, CFB, CHGA, CHI3L1, C3, FCGBP, FGA, GSN, IGFBP7, LRG1, SERPINA3, SOD3, and TTR. We found distinct proteomic profiles in the CSF of TBI patients compared with HC and different disease controls, indicating a specific interplay between inflammatory factors, metabolic response, and cell integrity. In relation to primarily infectious or inflammatory disorders, unique inflammatory pathways seem to be engaged, and could potentially serve as future treatment targets.
Keywords: central nervous system; encephalitis; fluidic protein biomarker; human studies; inflammation; mass-spectrometry; neurointensive care; traumatic brain injury.
© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.