Cross-Sectional Examination of Thyroid Hormones and Environmental Exposure to Multiclass Pesticides in Women of Reproductive Age in China

Abstract

Background: Some pesticides have been shown to interfere with thyroid functions through changes in thyroid hormone (TH) levels. However, few human studies have explored associations between TH levels and environmental exposure to currently used pesticides, including neonicotinoids, phenylpyrazoles, phenoxy acids, and azoles. Moreover, such studies often measure biomarkers of exposure in urine or blood, and thus reveal only recent exposure. In contrast, hair has been demonstrated to be a suitable matrix for assessing chronic exposure to both persistent and nonpersistent organic pollutants.

Objectives: We investigated 54 biomarkers of pollutant exposure in relation to tetraiodothyronine (T4), 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3), 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3), and 3,3'-diiodothyronine (T2).

Methods: In a cross-sectional study of 196 healthy Chinese women of reproductive age (25-45 years of age), concentrations of both pollutants and THs were analyzed in the first $12\mathrm{cm}$ (starting from the scalp) of the hair matrix, collected in 2016. Associations between pollutants and TH levels were explored using stability-enhanced least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso) by regressing all exposures against each outcome of interest, adjusted for age, body mass index, and city.

Results: Each TH was associated with the mixture of at least eight of the examined pesticides. We found associations of $\beta$-HCH, PCP, DMP, DETP, 3Me4NP, carbofuran, ${\text{ClCF}}_3\text{CA}$, imidacloprid, 2,4-D, metolachlor, difenoconazole, and tebuconazole with THs. For example, a 2-standard deviation (SD) increase in ${\log }_{10}$-transformed hair DMP concentration was associated with lower hair T4 concentration [$-15.0\%$ (95% CI: $-26.1$, $-2.21\%$)] and higher hair T3 concentration [8.16% (95% CI: 1.73, 15.0%)] in the adjusted unpenalized regression models. We also found associations of some pesticides with T3/T4, rT3/T4, and rT3/T3 molar ratios, including PCP, DMP, 2,4-D, metolachlor, difenoconazole, and tebuconazole.

Discussion: Our results suggest that exposure to the low levels of pesticides examined here may disrupt thyroid homeostasis in humans. Further studies are needed to confirm our results and to evaluate the long-term consequences of these subtle interferences. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14378.