LncRNAs and the cancer epigenome: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential

Abstract

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators of epigenome, modulating gene expression through DNA methylation, histone modification, and/or chromosome remodeling. Dysregulated lncRNAs act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors, driving tumor progression by shaping the cancer epigenome. By interacting with the writers, readers, and erasers of the epigenetic script, lncRNAs induce epigenetic modifications that bring about changes in cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, invasion, metastasis, cancer stemness and chemoresistance. This review analyzes and discusses the multifaceted role of lncRNAs in cancer pathobiology, from cancer genesis and progression through metastasis and therapy resistance. It also explores the therapeutic potential of targeting lncRNAs through innovative diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies. Understanding the dynamic interplay between lncRNAs and epigenome is crucial for developing personalized therapeutic strategies, offering new avenues for precision cancer medicine.

Keywords: Cancer epigenetics; Chromatin remodeling; DNA methylation; Epigenetic therapy; Histone modification; Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs); Oncogenes; Precision oncology; RNA interference (RNAi); Tumor suppressors.