Preparation of Phosphorylated Chitosan From the Cuttlebone of Sepia pharaonis and the Effect of Concentration on Oral Clinical Pathogens

Mukundh Subramanian; Yagniyasree Manogaran; Pasiyappazham Ramasamy

doi:10.7759/cureus.69951

Preparation of Phosphorylated Chitosan From the Cuttlebone of Sepia pharaonis and the Effect of Concentration on Oral Clinical Pathogens

Cureus. 2024 Sep 22;16(9):e69951. doi: 10.7759/cureus.69951. eCollection 2024 Sep.

Authors

Mukundh Subramanian¹, Yagniyasree Manogaran², Pasiyappazham Ramasamy²

Affiliations

¹ Physiology, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND.
² Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND.

Abstract

Background: Chitosan, a biopolymer derived from chitin, has attracted scholarly interest because of its antibacterial, biocompatible, and biodegradable characteristics. We can phosphorylate the cuttlebone of Sepia pharaonis, a natural source of chitin, to enhance its antimicrobial properties. Phosphorylated chitosan is promising for treating oral infections, which are the causative agents of a variety of dental disorders.

Objectives: The goal of this study is to look into how to make phosphorylated chitosan from cuttlebone and what effect different concentrations have on killing oral clinical pathogens like Streptococcus mutans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida tropicalis.

Materials and methods: We extracted chitin and chitosan from the cuttlebone of a specimen of S. pharaonis. We then synthesized phosphorylated chitosan by phosphorylating chitosan. We then assessed the antimicrobial activities of phosphorylated chitosan using the well diffusion method. We characterized and evaluated it using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Fourier emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

Results: Phosphorylated chitosan, in 100% concentration, had the highest inhibition zone of 14 ± 0.82 mm against P. aeruginosa and E. coli (14 ± 0.75). However, the two different concentrations studied showed no activity against both Candida tropicalis and S. mutans.

Conclusion: This work successfully used the cuttlebone of S. pharaonis to yield phosphorylated chitosan, subsequently demonstrating its antimicrobial potential against dental clinical pathogens. Different concentrations of phosphorylated chitosan strongly controlled its antimicrobial activity, with larger concentrations exhibiting stronger inhibitory effects. According to these findings, phosphorylated chitosan appears to be a promising material for dental care solutions that target clinical bacteria in the mouth.

Keywords: antimicrobial; cephalopods; cuttlebone; innovative; mollusks; phosphorylated.