Hippocrates in addiction and the need for transdiagnostic phenotypes to address evidence-based interventions

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Mental Health, ASL 2 Abruzzo Lanciano-Vasto-Chieti, Chieti, Italy. Electronic address: mauro.pettorruso@hotmail.it.
• ² Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
• ³ Chair of Psychiatry, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
• ⁴ Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Mental Health, ASL 2 Abruzzo Lanciano-Vasto-Chieti, Chieti, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, Clinical Science, University of Hertfordshire, Herts, UK.