Causal mediation analysis of factors influencing physical activity and community access among people with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease

Serene S Paul; Franchino Porciuncula; James T Cavanaugh; Kerri S Rawson; Timothy J Nordahl; Teresa C Baker; Ryan P Duncan; Gammon M Earhart; Theresa D Ellis

doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2024.10.012

Causal mediation analysis of factors influencing physical activity and community access among people with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease

Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2024 Nov 4:S0003-9993(24)01318-2. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2024.10.012. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Serene S Paul¹, Franchino Porciuncula², James T Cavanaugh³, Kerri S Rawson⁴, Timothy J Nordahl², Teresa C Baker², Ryan P Duncan⁴, Gammon M Earhart⁵, Theresa D Ellis²

Affiliations

¹ Discipline of Physiotherapy, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: serene.paul@sydney.edu.au.
² Department of Physical Therapy, Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
³ Department of Physical Therapy, University of New England, Portland, ME, USA.
⁴ Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
⁵ Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.

PMID: 39505247
DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2024.10.012

Abstract

Objective: To examine how known causal factors (exercise self-efficacy, balance, walking capacity) affect outcomes (moderate intensity physical activity, community access) in people with Parkinson's disease (PD): through a direct pathway, indirectly through potential mediators (non-motor impairments), or through combined direct and mediated paths.

Design: Causal mediation analyses using baseline and three-month data from pooled treatment groups in a randomized controlled trial.

Setting: Data were collected at two university clinical research centers.

Participants: One hundred thirty-eight people with PD.

Interventions: Home and community-based walking and strength exercise program.

Main outcome measure(s): Exposures were exercise self-efficacy, walking ability, and balance. Potential mediators included pain, fatigue, mood (anxiety, depression, affect, apathy), stigma, and cognition (executive function and cognitive flexibility). Outcomes were physical activity and community access behaviour at three-month follow-up. Separate models were developed for each causal factor-mediator-outcome combination. To minimise bias, all models were adjusted for known confounders (comorbidities, freezing of gait, severity of motor impairments, and/or age) and baseline values of the outcomes.

Results: Self-efficacy of walking duration had a causal relationship with moderate intensity physical activity through direct and combined paths (p<.001). Walking capacity had a causal relationship with community access through direct (p=.03-.04) and combined (p=.02-.03) paths. Balance did not affect community access (p>.05). There were no significant mediation effects through indirect pathways for either outcome.

Conclusions: The effect of known causal factors on physical activity and community access was not mediated by non-motor impairments. Walking self-efficacy and walking capacity remain the primary intervention targets for improving physical activity and community access, respectively, in people with PD.

Keywords: Parkinson disease; ambulation; causal mediation analysis; physical activity.