The rise in antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) has recently become a pressing issue, with livestock manure identified as a significant source of these genes. Yet, the distribution of fertilizers derived from livestock manure sold online, potentially containing high levels of ARGs and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), is often not considered. Our study involved a random survey of commercial organic fertilizers available on online marketplaces, focusing on 13 common ARGs and 2 integrons (intI1, intI2). We found significant ARGs linked to sulfonamides, macrolides, and tetracycline in the 20 fertilizer samples we tested. The gene copy numbers for ermC, sul2, and tetL were exceptionally high, reaching up to 1011 copies per gram of fertilizer in specific samples. Additionally, 18 out of 20 samples contained the critical β-lactam resistance genes blaTEM and blaKPC, with gene copy numbers up to 1010 copies/g. Integrons, intI1, and intI2 were present in all samples, with abundances ranging from 103 to 1010 copies/g. We categorized the 20 samples into three types for further analysis: poultry manure, livestock manure, and earthworm manure. Our findings indicated a high presence of ARGs in poultry manure compared to a lower occurrence in earthworm manure. The study also showed a strong correlation between integrons and specific ARGs. This research underscores the potential risk of commercial organic fertilizers as a pathway for spreading ARGs from the animal breeding environment to human settings through express transportation.
Keywords: Antibiotic-resistant genes; Bacterial community; Commercial organic fertilizers; Express transportation; Livestock manure; Poultry manure.
© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.