Background: The impact of ultraviolet-C (UV-C) emitter configuration on pathogen attenuation has not been assessed. We hypothesized that emitter configuration would impact UV-C efficacy for Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) attenuation.
Methods: C. difficile carriers (ReadyNowTM Test Carriers, Stratix Labs Corporation, Saint Paul, MN) inoculated with > 108 C. difficile American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 43593 (according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 3135 standards) were obtained, and the following experiments were conducted from April to August of 2023. Each of the three carriers along with three calibrated radiometers (ILT1270, International Light Technologies, Peabody, MA) were mounted on an aluminum stand at positions A (left of center of stand), B (center of stand), and C (right of center of stand). The stand was positioned at 9 feet (2.74 m) from and directly ahead of UV-C emitters utilizing low-pressure mercury gas UV-C lamps (Surfacide, Waukesha, WI). Five UV-C emitter configurations were assessed; (1) three emitters with a triangular configuration about the stand and each rotating 360 degrees, (2) one emitter facing the stand and rotating 360 degrees, (3) three emitters facing the stand in a linear configuration and each rotating 5 degrees, (4) one emitter facing the stand and rotating 5 degrees, and (5) one emitter facing the stand and rotating 90 degrees. Three serial experiments were conducted. The first experiment used a dose titration curve to identify the minimally effective irradiation dose (mean and standard deviation mJ/cm2) to achieve no growth (6-log reduction) in C. difficile counts with direct irradiation exposure. The second experiment involved assessing the relative efficacy of the five emitter configurations with the use of the minimally effective dose in attenuating polycarbonate C. difficile carriers positioned at 25.5 and 69.5 inches (64.77 to 176.53 cm) from the floor and oriented vertically to the emitters. The third experiment evaluated the relative efficacy of the five configurations for polycarbonate and textured plastic C. difficile carriers positioned at 25.5 or 58.5 inches (64.77 to 148.59 cm) from the floor and with a 45-degree or horizontal orientation to the emitters. We assessed residual anaerobic bacterial contamination for three intensive care unit (ICU) rooms to ascertain clinical applications of study results.
Results: The minimally effective dose for polycarbonate C. difficile carriers with direct exposure was 432.28 ± 2.12 mJ/cm2. Configurations one through five achieved a > 4-log reduction when the minimally effective dose was delivered to polycarbonate C. difficile carriers that were positioned at 9 feet from the emitters, 25.5 or 69.5 inches from the floor, and with vertical orientation to the emitters. When C. difficile carriers were changed to textured plastic, orientation to the emitters was changed to horizontal or 45 degrees, and height from the floor was changed to 25.5 and 58.5 inches, the log reductions achieved by configuration one through five were 1.61, 0.61, 0.79, 1.15, and 0.98, respectively, with configuration one achieving a greater log reduction than two (P = 0.0137). In each of the three ICU rooms, at least one of nine sampled locations returned ≥ 500 anaerobic CFU, indicating the need for at least a 0.7-log reduction (500 to 99 CFU).
Conclusions: UV-C emitter configuration impacts efficacy in attenuating C. difficile.
Keywords: efficacy; emitter; emitter configuration; ultraviolet-c; uv-c.
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