Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism: A Review

Abstract

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is an important cause of morbidity and mortalityespecially among hospitalized patients. Although the exact epidemiology of PE is not known in India, several studies have shown that it is missed and mismanaged not infrequently, leading to significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Indian consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of acute PE has been previously published. Recent findings from studies including data available from Indian studies have expanded our knowledge with respect to the optimal diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of patients with PE and have been integrated into this review article. Acute PE patients should be stratified according to early mortality risk. Clinical measures, right ventricular (RV) dysfunction markers, and myocardial injury should be used to determine risk stratification. The clinical prediction criteria [pulmonary embolism severity index (PESI) and Hestia criteria] should be routinely used in emergency departments. Investigations, such as D-dimer, electrocardiogram (ECG), chest X-ray, routine labs, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide/brain natriuretic peptide (NT-ProBNP/BNP), troponin I or troponin T, heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP), echocardiography, lower limb compression ultrasonography (CUS), computed tomographic-pulmonary angiography (CTPA), ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy (V/Q scan), and pulmonary angiography should be appropriately selected in suspected cases of PE as per risk stratification. The main treatment in medical management of acute PE comprises anticoagulants and thrombolytics. According to current guidelines, oral anticoagulants such as warfarin are recommended to be started at the time of diagnosis together with unfractionated heparin (UFH), low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), or fondaparinux (all grade IA). Owing to their predictable bioavailability and pharmacokinetics, novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) can be given at fixed doses without routine laboratory monitoring. Recurrence is not uncommon on cessation of therapy, and hence long-term anticoagulation may be required in selected cases. Strong positive evidence is available for the use of thrombolytics in the management of acute PE.