Research on gut microbiota characteristics of PBC patients at different ALBI grades based on machine learning

Abstract

Background: The Albumin-Bilirubin (ALBI) score and grade are widely used to stratify patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) into different disease statuses and risk levels. Recent studies have increasingly highlighted the role of gut microbiota in autoimmune liver diseases. This study aimed to investigate the differences in gut microbiota among PBC patients with varying ALBI grades.

Methods: Clinical data and stool samples were collected from outpatient and inpatient PBC patients between 2019 and 2022. Gut microbiota profiles were obtained using 16S rDNA sequencing of stool samples. We analyzed alpha diversity, beta diversity, LEfSe analysis and pathway function prediction. Additionally, various machine learning methods-including random forest (RF), lasso, gradient boosting machine (GBM) and support vector machine (SVM)-were employed to identify key features and to build and validate predictive models using bootstrap techniques.

Results: Clinical characteristics of ALBI grade 1 patients were comparatively better than those of ALBI grade 2 and 3 patients, including multiple laboratory indices. Gut microbiota analysis revealed that species richness and balance were higher in ALBI grade 1 patients. Both the comparison of the most abundant genera and the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) in LEfSe demonstrated that Lachnospira had a higher abundance and better discriminative ability in ALBI grade 1. Pathway function prediction indicated that sulfur metabolism was upregulated in higher ALBI grades. Furthermore, RF identified 10 specific genera, which were then used to build and validate models for discriminating PBC patients according to their ALBI grades. All three models, developed using different machine learning methods, demonstrated good discrimination ability (mean AUC 0.75-0.80).

Conclusion: This study highlights significant differences in gut microbiota profiles among PBC patients with different ALBI grades. The increased abundance of Lachnospira and upregulation of sulfur metabolism pathways are notable in patients with lower ALBI grades. The machine learning models developed based on gut microbiota features offer promising tools for discriminating between PBC patients with varying disease severities, which could enhance the precision of treatment strategies.

Keywords: albumin-bilirubin; gut microbiota; lachnospira; machine learning; primary biliary cholangitis.