Chaos-based secure communication technology can provide secure protection for the information transmission at the physical layer. In this paper, a neural network-based chaos shift keying communication scheme is proposed. This scheme carries digital information by altering the underlying time-delayed dynamical mapping relationships of the system. It utilizes the nonlinear modeling capability of neural networks to extract and judge the underlying time-delayed dynamical mapping relationships, thus achieving demodulation without the need for physical synchronization. In numerical simulations, the scheme exhibits high noise resistance and can effectively resist return mapping attacks and time delay signature extraction, providing possibilities for secure communication under poor conditions.