A polygenic risk score derived from common variants of monogenic diabetes genes is associated with young-onset type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular-kidney complications

Abstract

Aims/hypothesis: Monogenic diabetes is caused by rare mutations in genes usually implicated in beta cell biology. Common variants of monogenic diabetes genes (MDG) may jointly influence the risk of young-onset type 2 diabetes (YOD, diagnosed before the age of 40 years) and cardiovascular and kidney events.

Methods: Using whole-exome sequencing data, we constructed a weighted polygenic risk score (wPRS) consisting of 135 common variants (minor allele frequency >0.01) of 34 MDG based on r²>0.2 for linkage disequilibrium in a discovery case-control cohort of 453 adults with YOD (median [IQR] age 39.7 [34.9-46.9] years) and 405 without YOD (median [IQR] age 56.7 [50.3-61.0] years), followed by validation in an independent cross-sectional cohort with array-based genotyping for YOD and a prospective cohort of individuals with type 2 diabetes for cardiovascular and kidney events.

Results: In the discovery cohort, the OR of the 135 common variants for YOD ranged from 1.00 to 2.61. In the validation cohort (920 YOD and 4910 non-YOD), top-10%-wPRS was associated with an OR of 1.42 (95% CI 1.03, 1.95, p=0.033) for YOD compared with bottom-10%-wPRS. In 2313 individuals with type 2 diabetes (median [IQR]: age 53.4 [45.4-61.7] years; disease duration 4.0 [1.0-9.0] years) observed for a median (IQR) of 17.5 (14.4-21.8) years, standardised wPRS was associated with increased HR for incident cardiovascular events (1.16 [95% CI 1.06, 1.27], p=0.001), kidney events (1.09 [95% CI 1.02, 1.16], p=0.013) and cardiovascular-kidney events (1.10 [95% CI 1.03, 1.16], p=0.003). Using the 'bottom-20%-wPRS plus baseline disease duration <5 years' group as referent, the 'top-20%-wPRS plus baseline disease duration 5 to <10 years' group had unadjusted and adjusted HR of 1.60 (95% CI 1.17, 2.19, p=0.003) and 1.62 (95% CI 1.16, 2.26, p=0.005), respectively, for cardiovascular-kidney events compared with 1.38 (95% CI 0.97, 1.98, p=0.075) and 1.06 (95% CI 0.72, 1.57, p=0.752) in the 'bottom-20%-wPRS plus baseline disease duration ≥10 years' group.

Conclusions/interpretation: Common variants of MDG increased risk for YOD and cardiovascular-kidney events.

Keywords: Complications; Genetics; MODY; Polygenic risk scores; Whole-exome sequencing; Young-onset diabetes.