Pesticide avermectin B1a exerts cytotoxicity by blocking the interaction between mini-chromosome maintenance 6 protein (MCM6) and chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1 (CDT1)

Abstract

Avermectin B1a, a widely used pesticide, has recently raised safety concerns since it possesses potential cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms that underlie the cytotoxicity induced by avermectin B1a remain elusive. The loading of the mini-chromosome maintenance 6 protein (MCM6) onto chromatin at replication origins by chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1 (CDT1) is an essential step for licensing DNA for replication. Here, we first report that avermectin B1a occupies the CDT1-binding domain (CBD) of MCM6 to block the interaction between MCM6 and CDT1 and thus inhibits the licensing for DNA replication. Avermectin B1a inhibits the proliferation with IC₅₀ being 15.1 μM and induces cell cycle arrest at the G₀/G₁ phase in MEF cells. Moreover, abnormal replication licensing induced by avermectin B1a causes replication stress and DNA double strand breaks, which in turn leads to apoptosis in MEF cells. Further molecular docking uncovers that four residues Glu763, Ile760, Arg771, and Glu774 are vital for the formation of hydrogen bonds in avermectin B1a-CBD interaction. Furthermore, the upregulation of MCM6 or/and CDT1 reverses the avermectin B1a-induced decrease in cell viability and normalizes the cell cycle, indicating that the blockage of MCM6-CDT1 interaction is one of the mechanisms underlying avermectin B1a-induced cytotoxicity. This study not only provides new insights into the mechanism of avermectin B1a-induced cytotoxicity but also offers a useful molecular tool for the investigation of MCM6-CDT1 interaction.

Keywords: CDT1; DNA replication; MCM6; avermectin B1a; cell cycle.