Automatic Segmentation of Quadriceps Femoris Cross-Sectional Area in Ultrasound Images: Development and Validation of Convolutional Neural Networks in People With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and Surgery

Beyza Tayfur; Paul Ritsche; Olivia Sunderlik; Madison Wheeler; Eric Ramirez; Jacob Leuteneker; Oliver Faude; Martino V Franchi; Alexa K Johnson; Riann Palmieri-Smith

doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.11.004

Automatic Segmentation of Quadriceps Femoris Cross-Sectional Area in Ultrasound Images: Development and Validation of Convolutional Neural Networks in People With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and Surgery

Ultrasound Med Biol. 2024 Nov 23:S0301-5629(24)00431-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.11.004. Online ahead of print.

Affiliations

¹ School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Orthopedic Rehabilitation & Biomechanics (ORB) Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
² Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
³ Orthopedic Rehabilitation & Biomechanics (ORB) Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
⁴ Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
⁵ School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Orthopedic Rehabilitation & Biomechanics (ORB) Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Electronic address: riannp@umich.edu.

PMID: 39581823
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.11.004

Abstract

Objective: Deep learning approaches such as DeepACSA enable automated segmentation of muscle ultrasound cross-sectional area (CSA). Although they provide fast and accurate results, most are developed using data from healthy populations. The changes in muscle size and quality following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury challenges the validity of these automated approaches in the ACL population. Quadriceps muscle CSA is an important outcome following ACL injury; therefore, our aim was to validate DeepACSA, a convolutional neural network (CNN) approach for ACL injury.

Methods: Quadriceps panoramic CSA ultrasound images (vastus lateralis [VL] n = 430, rectus femoris [RF] n = 349, and vastus medialis [VM] n = 723) from 124 participants with an ACL injury (age 22.8 ± 7.9 y, 61 females) were used to train CNN models. For VL and RF, combined models included extra images from healthy participants (n = 153, age 38.2, range 13-78) that the DeepACSA was developed from. All models were tested on unseen external validation images (n = 100) from ACL-injured participants. Model predicted CSA results were compared to manual segmentation results.

Results: All models showed good comparability (ICC > 0.81, < 14.1% standard error of measurement, mean differences of <1.56 cm²) to manual segmentation. Removal of the erroneous predictions resulted in excellent comparability (ICC > 0.94, < 7.40% standard error of measurement, mean differences of <0.57 cm²). Erroneous predictions were 17% for combined VL, 11% for combined RF, and 20% for ACL-only VM models.

Conclusion: The new CNN models provided can be used in ACL-injured populations to measure CSA of VL, RF, and VM muscles automatically. The models yield high comparability to manual segmentation results and reduce the burden of manual segmentation.

Keywords: ACLR; Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; Automated image segmentation; Deep neural networks; Muscle cross sectional area; Panoramic ultrasound; Quadriceps femoris muscle.