Bone loss in patients with spinal cord injury: Incidence and influencing factors

Min Jiang; Jun-Wei Zhang; He-Hu Tang; Yu-Fei Meng; Zhen-Rong Zhang; Fang-Yong Wang; Jin-Zhu Bai; Shu-Jia Liu; Zhen Lyu; Shi-Zheng Chen; Jie-Sheng Liu; Jia-Xin Fu

doi:10.1016/j.cjtee.2024.05.003

Bone loss in patients with spinal cord injury: Incidence and influencing factors

Chin J Traumatol. 2024 Nov 15:S1008-1275(24)00155-X. doi: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2024.05.003. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100068, China.
² School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100068, China; Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Surgery, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068, China. Electronic address: 13910158172@163.com.
³ School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100068, China; Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Surgery, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068, China.
⁴ Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China.
⁵ Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China.

PMID: 39616084
DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2024.05.003

Abstract

Purpose: To investigate the incidence and influencing factors of bone loss in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI).

Methods: A retrospective case-control study was conducted. Patients with SCI in our hospital from January 2019 to March 2023 were collected. According to the correlation between bone mineral density (BMD) at different sites, the patients were divided into the lumbar spine group (T) and the hip joint group. According to the BMD value, the patients were divided into the normal bone mass group (t > -1.0 standard deviation) and the osteopenia group (t ≤ -1.0 standard deviation). The influencing factors accumulated as follows: gender, age, height, weight, cause of injury, injury segment, injury degree, time after injury, start time of rehabilitation, motor score, sensory score, spasticity, serum value of alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and phosphorus. The trend chart was drawn and the influencing factors were analyzed. SPSS 26.0 was used for statistical analysis. Correlation analysis was used to test the correlation between the BMD values of the lumbar spine and bilateral hips. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors of osteoporosis after SCI. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: The incidence of bone loss in patients with SCI was 66.3%. There was a low concordance between bone loss in the lumbar spine and the hip, and the hip was particularly susceptible to bone loss after SCI, with an upward trend in incidence (36% - 82%). In this study, patients with SCI were divided into the lumbar spine group (n = 100) and the hip group (n = 185) according to the BMD values of different sites. Then, the lumbar spine group was divided into the normal bone mass group (n = 53) and the osteopenia group (n = 47); the hip joint group was divided into the normal bone mass group (n = 83) and the osteopenia group (n = 102). Of these, lumbar bone loss after SCI is correlated with gender and weight (p = 0.032 and < 0.001, respectively), and hip bone loss is correlated with gender, height, weight, and time since injury (p < 0.001, p = 0.015, 0.009, and 0.012, respectively).

Conclusions: The incidence of bone loss after SCI was high, especially in the hip. The incidence and influencing factors of bone loss in the lumbar spine and hip were different. Patients with SCI who are male, low height, lightweight, and long time after injury were more likely to have bone loss.

Keywords: Bone loss; Bone mineral density; Influencing factors; Osteoporosis; Spinal cord injury.