We describe five cases of gastrointestinal leishmaniasis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and review 10 additional cases reported in the literature. All of the patients had CD4+ cell counts of < 200/mm3, and AIDS had been previously diagnosed for 12 patients. Fever and splenomegaly were present in 46% of cases. Thirteen patients had digestive symptoms; these symptoms included diarrhea (6), dysphagia and/or odynophagia (6), abdominal pain (2), epigastric pain (2), gastrointestinal hemorrhage (1), and rectal discomfort (1). The regions of the digestive tract most frequently affected by Leishmania organisms were the duodenal mucosa (90%) and the gastric mucosa (75%). Endoscopy showed normal-appearing mucosa in 45% of cases. In 10 cases the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis was first made by biopsy of the gastrointestinal mucosa. In most cases treatment with antimonial agents was not effective.