This review provides a synopsis of the developments over the past decade in mathematical and statistical methodology in response to the AIDS epidemic. This review includes highlights of the development of epidemic models, approaches to describing the natural history of HIV infection, and the methods developed for HIV therapeutic or prevention research. A bibliography, which is extensive but purposely not intended to be comprehensive, is included. The intention is to provide a historical perspective on the methodologic developments and a framework for identifying HIV/AIDS-related needs for the future.