The beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin is potentially encoded by six genes, which can be categorized into two types based on a sequence change at codon 117: GCC for the type I and GAC for the type II genes. We previously showed that, whereas type I genes were exclusively expressed in normal breast tissues, expression of type II genes was associated with malignant transformation (Bellet, D., et al. Cancer Res., 57: 516-523, 1997). We designed a simple and robust test (the CG117 assay) that measures the percentage of type II over both types of chorionic gonadotropin beta mRNAs. Normal breast tissues consistently had a negative CG117 index, whereas cancer breast tissues showed indexes ranging from 0 to 100%. The prognostic significance of the CG117 index was investigated in a series of 99 unilateral invasive primary breast cancer patients with known long-term outcome (median follow-up, 9 years). The CG117 index was positive in 48 (48.5%) of the 99 tumor mRNA samples. The index was not significantly associated with standard prognostic parameters, including clinical and macroscopic tumor size, histopathological grade, and lymph node status or steroid receptor status. Patients with a positive CG117 index in primary tumor mRNA had significantly shorter metastasis-free survival (P = 0.014) and overall survival (P = 0.038) after surgery, compared to patients with a negative index. The prognostic significance of the CG117 index persisted in Cox multivariate regression analysis, both for metastasis-free survival (P = 0.008) and overall survival (P = 0.016), together with lymph node status (P = 0.027 and P = 0.009, respectively). These findings indicate that the CG117 index may contribute to the identification of high-risk breast cancer patients.