Comparison of hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers in Intensive care units and wards of COVID-19: A large scale multicentric study in India

Sarumathi Dhandapani; Deepashree Rajshekar; Ketan Priyadarshi; Sivanantham Krishnamoorthi; Raja Sundaramurthy; Haritha Madigubba; Apurba Sankar Sastry; Contributors of HHAC study group

doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2022.09.028

Comparison of hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers in Intensive care units and wards of COVID-19: A large scale multicentric study in India

Am J Infect Control. 2023 Mar;51(3):304-312. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2022.09.028. Epub 2022 Oct 9.

Authors

Sarumathi Dhandapani¹, Deepashree Rajshekar², Ketan Priyadarshi³, Sivanantham Krishnamoorthi⁴, Raja Sundaramurthy⁵, Haritha Madigubba⁶, Apurba Sankar Sastry⁷; Contributors of HHAC study group

Collaborators

Contributors of HHAC study group:
Dr Apurba Sankar Sastry⁸, Dr Ketan Priyadarshi⁹, Dr Deepashree Rajshekar¹⁰, Dr Sivanantham Krishnamoorthi¹¹, Dr Raja Sundaramurthy¹², Dr Haritha Madigubba¹³, Sarumathi⁹, Dr Anusha Cherian¹⁴, Dr Chetak Kb¹⁵, Dr Geethu Joe¹⁶, Dr Raksha K¹⁷, Dr Archana Nagarajan¹⁸, Dr Manisha Subrao Mane¹⁹, Dr Prem Latha P²⁰, Dr Arcy Billoria²¹, Dr Tessa Antony²², Dr M K Renuka²³, Dr K Sneha Jigisha²⁴, Dr Abhilasha Korani²⁴, Dr Abiroo Jan²⁵, Dr Roopika Berry²⁶, Dr Deepti Chaurasia²⁷, Dr Simmi Dubey²⁸, Dr Lokendra Dave²⁹, Dr Archa Sharma³⁰, Dr Jaya Lalwani³¹, Dr Shahzad Mirza³², Dr Amber Prasad³³, Dr Pratima Gupta³⁴, Dr Prasan Kumar Panda³⁵, Dr Smita Sinha³⁶, Dr Biswajeet Sahoo³⁷, Dr Vanya Singh³⁸, Dr Suneeta Sahu³⁹, Dr Rani Sahu⁴⁰, Dr Shyamala R⁴¹, Dr Rangineni Jayaprada⁴², Dr N Ramakrishna⁴³, Mamtabhatt⁴⁴, Dr Mini P N⁴⁵, Dr Fairoz Cp⁴⁶, Dr Vishnu K⁴⁷, Dr Asfia Sultan⁴⁸, Dr Fatima Khan⁴⁹, Dr Atanu Chakravarty⁵⁰, Dr Rajib Hazarika⁵¹, Dr Binita Bhuyan⁵², Dr Kv Leela⁵³, Dr Anusha Gopinathan⁵⁴, Dr Lavanya Sriramajayam⁵⁵, Dr M Mohamadiya Rizwana⁵⁶, Dr Rupali Ashok Akude⁵⁷, Dr Mahamad Wajid⁵⁸, Dr Shazia Naaz⁵⁹, Dr Deepthi Karumanchi⁶⁰, Dr Avula Renuka Devi⁶¹, Dr Kammineni Chakrapani⁶², Dr Poonam Gupta⁶³, Dr Bharat Jagiasi⁶⁴, Dr Jaya Banerjee⁶⁵, Dr Anuradha Gopalkrishna Tolpadi⁶⁶, Dr Abhijeet Kantilal Mane⁶⁷, Dr Lakshmi Jyothi Tadi⁶⁸, Dr Rahul Narang⁶⁹, Dr Sunil Kumar D Chavan¹², Dr Ujjwala Nitin Gaikwad⁷⁰, Dr Moonis Mirza⁷¹, Dr Manisha Khandait⁷², Dr Mukesh Sharma⁷³, Dr Kavya P⁷⁴, Dr Aboobacker Siddiq⁷⁵, Dr Penmetcha Uma⁷⁶, Dr Padmaja Yarlagadda⁷⁷, Dr Prudhivi Sumana⁷⁷, Dr Naseema Shaik⁷⁸, Dr Sheela Devi Chandrakesan⁷⁹, Dr Sujitha Elan Seralathan⁸⁰, Dr Arthi E⁸⁰, Vidya J⁸¹, Dr Divya Suguna Jayakar⁸², Dr Balaram Padala⁸³, Dr Rajive Kumar Sureka⁸⁴, Dr Kiranmai Sannithi⁸⁵, Dr T Ashita Singh⁸⁶, Dr Pragathi Kottapalli⁸⁷, Dr Ashit Bhusan Xess⁸⁸, Dr Rajeev Kumar Seth⁸⁸, Dr Rajya Bardhan Pattanaik⁸⁹, Dr Narayan Prasad Sahoo⁹⁰, Dr Bijayini Behera⁹¹, Dr Ashoka Mahapatra⁹¹, Dr Varsha Gupta⁹², Dr Preeti Chaudhary⁹³, Dr J Gerard Rakesh⁹⁴, Dr J Margaret Theresa⁹⁵, Dr Kala YadavML⁹⁶, Dr Chetana G S⁹⁷, Dr Ashok Kumar Sharma⁹⁸, Dr Kumari Seema⁹⁹, Dr Manju Boipai¹⁰⁰, Dr Abhay Kumar¹⁰⁰, Dr Rajendra Bhanudas Surpam¹⁰¹, Dr Virendra Kolhe¹⁰², Dr Abiramasundari V K¹⁰³, Dr Tuhina Banerjee¹⁰⁴, Dr Neha Rathor¹⁰⁵, Dr Vinitha Mary Joy¹⁰⁶, Dr Subi Das¹⁰⁷, Dr Mohammed Khaleel¹⁰⁸, Dr Shalini Akunuri¹⁰⁹, Dr Shashikala Shivaprakash¹¹⁰, Swapna Pawar¹¹¹, Dr Nipa Singh¹¹², Dr Subhra Snigdha Panda¹¹³, Dr Nirav Pandya¹¹⁴, Dr Swathi Cm¹¹⁵, Dr Gunturu Sowjanya¹¹⁶, Dr P Swathi Prakasham¹¹⁷, Dr Geetarani Purohit¹¹⁸, Dr Uday Hembram¹¹⁹, Dr Tupili Ramya¹²⁰, Dr Kasawar Darahasa¹²¹, Dr Syeda Amtul Moqueeth¹²², Shiva Kumar¹²³, Spandana T¹²³, Dr Namita Srivastava¹²⁴, Singh Neeraj¹²⁵, Dr Anshul Jain¹²⁶, Dr Mandavi Agarwal¹²⁷, Dr A Mohan Kumar¹²⁸, Dr V Mangayarkarasi¹²⁹, Dr Rakesh Kakkar¹³⁰, Dr Vamshidhar Chamala¹³¹, Dr Urvi Kamat¹³², Dr Prajay Naik¹³³, Dr Reena Sachan¹³⁴, Dr Abhishek Singh¹³⁵, Dr Smriti Singh¹³⁶, Dr Sarika Prabhakar Kombade¹³⁷, Dr Vibhor Tak¹³⁸, Dr Naveen Dutt¹³⁹, Dr Pradeep Kumar Bhatia¹⁴⁰, Dr Naresh Midha¹⁴¹, Dr Ashok Kumar¹⁴², Himanshu¹⁴³, Dr Sweta Shah¹⁴⁴, Dr Pooja Suresh Thakkar¹⁴⁵, Havovi Fouzdar¹⁴⁶, Sapna Malik¹⁴⁷, Vidya Shetty¹⁴⁸, Dr Shelley Sharma Ganguly¹⁴⁹, Dr Sathyajith Ramvihar¹⁵⁰, Dr Shreshtha Tiwari¹⁵¹, Manisa Sahu¹⁵², Dr Bhaskar Narayan Chaudhuri¹⁵³, Dr Partha Guchhait¹⁵⁴, Santa Mukherjee¹⁵⁵, Dr M S Ratnamani¹⁵⁶, Dr J Prathiba¹⁵⁷, Dr Sneha Chunchanur¹⁵⁸, Dr Shwetha J V¹⁵⁹, Dr Ambica R¹⁶⁰, Dr Pravin Kumar Nair¹⁶¹, Dr Ranjeeta Adhikary¹⁶², Dr Sunil Karanth¹⁶³, Dr Venkatesha Gupta K V¹⁶⁴, Dr Akshith Thimmaiah¹⁶⁵, Dr Ravi Shankar Reddy Anukolu¹⁶⁶, Dr Ruturaj M Kolhapuri¹⁶⁷, Dr Naveena Jagadeesan¹⁶⁸, Dr Kavitha Karur¹⁶⁹, Dr Nandini Puttamasthi Gowda¹⁶⁹, Dr Vithiya Ganesan¹⁷⁰, Dr Jhansi Charles¹⁷¹, Dr Krithika Varshini¹⁷², Dr Shaily R¹⁷², Dr Kalyani M¹⁷³, Dr Jayanthi S¹⁷⁴, Dr Shifa Meharaj S H¹⁷⁵, Dr Ekta Agrawal¹⁷⁶, Dr Manoj Rai¹⁷⁷, Dr Chithra Valsan¹⁷⁸, Dr Ardra M¹⁷⁹, Dr Champa Hemachandra¹⁸⁰, Dr Cherlopalli Sunil Kumar¹⁸¹, Dr Lakshmikanth Bm¹⁸², Dr Aruna Poojary¹⁸³, Dr Priyanka Patil¹⁸⁴, Dr Archana G J¹⁸⁵, Dr Navneetha Ch¹⁸⁶, Dr K Raja Rao¹⁸⁷, Dr Rajeshwar Rao¹⁸⁸, Dr K Nagamani¹⁸⁹, Dr T Mangaiyarkarasi¹⁹⁰, Dr S Sunil Shivekar¹⁹¹, Dr K Deepika¹⁹², Dr J Jayalakshmi¹⁹³, Dr Selvarajan N¹⁹⁴, Dr Avantika Shukla¹⁹⁵, Dr Hb Veena Kumari¹⁹⁶, Dr Nagarathna S¹⁹⁷, Dr Jayasree Shivadasan¹⁹⁸, Dr Chandana Devaraj¹⁹⁹, Dr Subha S²⁰⁰, Dr Vidhyalakshmi Pr²⁰¹, Dr Jyoti S Kabbin²⁰², Dr Amrita Gupta²⁰³

Affiliations

¹ Dept. of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu, India.
² Hospital Infection Control, Department of Microbiology, JSS Medical College, Mysore, Karnataka, India.
³ Dept. of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER) Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu, India.
⁴ Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
⁵ Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Telangana, India.
⁶ Yashoda Hospital, Malakpet, Hyderabad, India.
⁷ Department of Microbiology, JIPMER, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: hhacstudy@gmail.com.
⁸ Additional Professor of Microbiology and Officer in-charge, HICC, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry.
⁹ Senior Resident & Fellowship in HIC, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry.
¹⁰ Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology and Assistant Surveillance Officer, HIC, JSS Medical College, Mysore.
¹¹ Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology and Officer in-charge, Infection Control, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bathinda, Punjab.
¹² Assistant Professor of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bibinagar Hyderabad.
¹³ Consultant Microbiologist and Infection Control Officer, Yashoda Hospital, Malakpet, Hyderabad.
¹⁴ Professor of Anaesthesiology and critical care, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry.
¹⁵ Assistant Professor, Department of Paediatrics and Surveillance Officer, HIC, JSS Medical College, Mysore.
¹⁶ Consultant Microbiologist, Jupiter Lifeline Hospitals, Pune.
¹⁷ Head of Department, Consultant Microbiologist and Infection Control Officer, St. Martha's Hospital, Bangalore.
¹⁸ Associate Consultant & Infection Control Officer, MGM Healthcare, Chennai.
¹⁹ Professor & Head, Dept of Microbiology, ESIC Medical College and PGIMSR, KK Nagar, Chennai.
²⁰ Senior Resident, Dept of Microbiology, ESIC Medical College and PGIMSR, KK Nagar, Chennai.
²¹ Consultant Microbiologist and Infection Control Officer, Lotus Hospitals, Hyderabad.
²² Assistant Professor of Microbiology and Infection Control officer Sri Ramachandra Hospital, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research.
²³ Professor & HOD of Critical Care Medicine, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research.
²⁴ Assistant Professor of Microbiology and Infection Control Officer, Telangana Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad.
²⁵ Assistant Professor of microbiology, Government Medical College, Anantnag.
²⁶ Consultant Microbiology and Secretary HICC, Narayana Multispeciality Hospital, Ahmedabad.
²⁷ Professor and Head of Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal.
²⁸ Professor and Head of Medicine, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal.
²⁹ Professor, Pulmonary Medicine, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal.
³⁰ Assistant Professor, Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal.
³¹ Associate Professor and OIC, HICC, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal.
³² Associate Professor of Microbiology and Hospital Infection Control Officer, DR D Y Patil Medical College Hospital And Research Centre, Pune.
³³ Assistant Professor and Hospital Infection Control Officer, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rishikesh.
³⁴ Professor of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rishikesh.
³⁵ Associate Professor of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rishikesh.
³⁶ Associate Professor, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rishikesh.
³⁷ Assistant Professor of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rishikesh.
³⁸ Senior Resident, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rishikesh.
³⁹ Senior Consultant, and HOD Clinical Microbiology and Immunoserology, Chairperson HICC, Apollo Hospitals, Bhubaneswar.
⁴⁰ Associate Consultant Clinical Microbiology and Immunoserology, Apollo Hospitals, Bhubaneswar.
⁴¹ Associate Professor, Infection Control Officer, Department of Microbiology, Quality Assurance Nodal Officer, Kodagu Institute of Medical Sciences, Madikeri.
⁴² Associate Professor of Microbiology, HICC Incharge, Department of Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupathi.
⁴³ Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupathi.
⁴⁴ Consultant Microbiologist, Utkal Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar.
⁴⁵ Additional Professor of Microbiology and HICC Officer, Government Medical College, Kozhikode.
⁴⁶ Assistant professor, Government Medical College, Kozhikode.
⁴⁷ Assistant Professor, Government Medical College, Kozhikode.
⁴⁸ Assistant Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh.
⁴⁹ Associate Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh.
⁵⁰ Associate Professor of Microbiology and Secretary, HICC, Jorhat Medical College and Hospital, Jorhat.
⁵¹ Professor and Head of Anesthesiology, Jorhat Medical College and Hospital, Jorhat.
⁵² Demonstrator of Microbiology and Infection Control Officer, HICC, Jorhat Medical College and Hospital, Jorhat.
⁵³ Head of Department of Microbiology and Hospital Infection Control Officer, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Chengalpattu.
⁵⁴ Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Chengalpattu.
⁵⁵ Associate Professor of Microbiology and Secretary, Infection control Officer - HICC, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore.
⁵⁶ Assistant Professor of Microbiology, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore.
⁵⁷ Senior Specialist & Hospital Infection Control Officer, ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Hyderabad.
⁵⁸ Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology ESIC Medical College Sanath Nagar Hyderabad, ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Hyderabad.
⁵⁹ Assistant Professor of Microbiology, ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Hyderabad.
⁶⁰ Infection control officer, Microbiology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Limited, Hyderabad.
⁶¹ Professor and Nodal officer IPC & HICC, Kurnool Medical College, Kurnool.
⁶² Assistant Professor, In-charge HICC, IPC, Kurnool Medical College, Kurnool.
⁶³ Laboratory director, Consultant microbiologist and Infection Control, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital, Navi Mumbai.
⁶⁴ Director, Critical Care, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital, Navi Mumbai.
⁶⁵ Consultant Microbiologist and Infection Control Officer, Yashoda Hospital, Secunderabad.
⁶⁶ Professor of Microbiology and In-charge Infection Control, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Pune.
⁶⁷ Associate Professor of Microbiology and Coordinator - Infection Control Department, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Pune.
⁶⁸ Additional Professor of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bibinagar Hyderabad.
⁶⁹ Professor and Head of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bibinagar Hyderabad.
⁷⁰ Additional Professor of Microbiology and Infection Control Officer, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Raipur.
⁷¹ Assistant Professor, Department of Hospital Administration and Member, HICC, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bathinda, Punjab.
⁷² Professor and Head Department of Microbiology, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentary Medical College, Hospital and Research Institute, Budhera, Gurgaon, Haryana.
⁷³ In charge of HICC, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentary Medical College, Hospital and Research Institute, Budhera, Gurgaon, Haryana.
⁷⁴ Head of the Department of Microbiology and Officer-in-charge, HICC, Daya General Hospital and speciality surgical centre, Thrissur.
⁷⁵ Physician (Internal Medicine), Daya General Hospital and speciality surgical centre, Thrissur.
⁷⁶ Professor And HOD of Microbiology and ICO, HICC, NRI Medical College & GH, Chinakakani, Guntur.
⁷⁷ Professor of Microbiology, NRI Medical College & GH, Chinakakani, Guntur.
⁷⁸ Assistant Professor, NRI Medical College & GH, Chinakakani, Guntur.
⁷⁹ Professor of Microbiology, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry.
⁸⁰ Associate Professor, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry.
⁸¹ Assistant Professor- College of Nursing and Infection Control Nurse, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry.
⁸² Associate Professor of Microbiology, PK DAS Institute of Medical Sciences, Ottapalam.
⁸³ Associate Professor of Anaesthesia, PK DAS Institute of Medical Sciences, Ottapalam.
⁸⁴ Professor & HOD of Microbiology, Mediciti Institute of Medical Sciences, Medchal, Hyderabad.
⁸⁵ Associate Professor of Microbiology, Mediciti Institute of Medical Sciences, Medchal, Hyderabad.
⁸⁶ Assistant Professor of Microbiology, Mediciti Institute of Medical Sciences, Medchal, Hyderabad.
⁸⁷ Consultant Microbiologist and Infection Control Officer, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology AIG, Gachibowli, Hyderabad.
⁸⁸ Consultant Microbiologist, Ispat General Hospital, Rourkela.
⁸⁹ Additional Chief Medical Officer, Ispat General Hospital, Rourkela.
⁹⁰ Chief Medical Officer, Ispat General Hospital, Rourkela.
⁹¹ Additional Professor, Department Of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar.
⁹² Professor, Microbiology and In-charge HICC, Government Medical College and Hospital sector -32. Chandigarh.
⁹³ Assistant Professor Microbiology, Government Medical College and Hospital sector -32. Chandigarh.
⁹⁴ Associate Professor, Sri Venkateswaraa Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Pondicherry.
⁹⁵ Assistant Professor of Pathology, Sri Venkateswaraa Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Pondicherry.
⁹⁶ Professor and HOD Microbiology and Member secretary HICC, Bowring lady Curzon Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka.
⁹⁷ Assistant Professor and Infection control officer, Bowring lady Curzon Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka.
⁹⁸ Associate Professor & HOD, Microbiology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi.
⁹⁹ Assistant Professor, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi.
¹⁰⁰ Assistant Professor of Microbiology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi.
¹⁰¹ Professor and Head of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Chandrapur.
¹⁰² Assistant Professor of Microbiology and In-charge HICC, Government Medical College, Chandrapur.
¹⁰³ Assistant Professor of Microbiology and Infection Control Officer, HICC, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai.
¹⁰⁴ Professor, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Officer, HICC, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi.
¹⁰⁵ Senior Consultant (Microbiology) and Infection Control officer, Marengo QRG Hospital, Faridabad.
¹⁰⁶ Senior Resident, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur.
¹⁰⁷ Associate Professor, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur.
¹⁰⁸ Professor, Microbiology, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad.
¹⁰⁹ Consultant Paediatrician, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad.
¹¹⁰ Consultant Microbiology, Seven Hills Hospital- Reliance Covid beds, Mumbai.
¹¹¹ Infection Control Manager, Seven Hills Hospital- Reliance Covid beds, Mumbai.
¹¹² Associate Professor of Microbiology and Infection Control Officer, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar.
¹¹³ Associate Professor, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar.
¹¹⁴ Consultant Microbiologist & Chairperson - HICC, Bhailal Amin General Hospital, Vadodara.
¹¹⁵ Associate professor, Microbiology, ICO, Mallareddy Narayana Multispeciality Hospital, Hyderabad.
¹¹⁶ Assistant professor, ICO, Mallareddy Narayana Multispeciality Hospital, Hyderabad.
¹¹⁷ Consultant Microbiologist and Infection control officer, Yashoda hospital Somajiguda, Hyderabad.
¹¹⁸ Associate Consultant Microbiology and Infection Control Officer, Vikash Multi-Speciality Hospital, Bargarh.
¹¹⁹ Associate Consultant Microbiology, Vikash Multi-Speciality Hospital, Bargarh.
¹²⁰ Assistant professor of microbiology, Government Medical College, Nizamabad.
¹²¹ Associate professor, Government Medical College, Nizamabad.
¹²² Professor, Government Medical College, Nizamabad.
¹²³ Postgraduate, Government Medical College, Nizamabad.
¹²⁴ Assistant professor, Microbiology, Maharani Laxmi bai Medical College, Jhansi.
¹²⁵ Pathologist, Maharani Laxmi bai Medical College, Jhansi.
¹²⁶ Professor of anaesthesia and nodal officer covid, Maharani Laxmi bai Medical College, Jhansi.
¹²⁷ Associate professor of medicine, Maharani Laxmi bai Medical College, Jhansi.
¹²⁸ Assistant Professor of Microbiology and ICO, HICC, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Mangalagiri.
¹²⁹ Additional Professor of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Mangalagiri.
¹³⁰ Professor of CFM, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Mangalagiri.
¹³¹ Assistant Professor of Anaesthesia, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Mangalagiri.
¹³² Consultant Microbiologist and Infection Control Team Member, South Goa district hospital.
¹³³ Consultant Microbiologist, South Goa district hospital.
¹³⁴ Assistant Professor of Microbiology, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College Prayagraj.
¹³⁵ Assistant Professor of Pulmonary Medicine, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College Prayagraj.
¹³⁶ Associate Professor of Medicine, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College Prayagraj.
¹³⁷ Associate Professor of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur.
¹³⁸ Associate Professor of microbiology and infection control officer, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur.
¹³⁹ Additional Professor and head of pulmonary medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur.
¹⁴⁰ Professor of department of Anasthesiology and critical medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur.
¹⁴¹ Assistant Professor of department of general medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur.
¹⁴² Additional Professor college of nursing and CNO, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur.
¹⁴³ Associate Professor college of nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur.
¹⁴⁴ Consultant Microbiologist and Infection Prevention, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Research Institute, Mumbai.
¹⁴⁵ Consultant Microbiology, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Research Institute, Mumbai.
¹⁴⁶ General Manager - Nursing, HIPC member, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Research Institute, Mumbai.
¹⁴⁷ Professor of Microbiology, K.J. Somaiya Hospital & Research Center, Mumbai.
¹⁴⁸ Associate Professor of Microbiology, K.J. Somaiya Hospital & Research Center, Mumbai.
¹⁴⁹ Consultant Microbiologist and in-charge HICC, HOD, Dept. of Laboratory Medicine, AMRI Hospitals-Salt Lake, Kolkata.
¹⁵⁰ Head, Laboratory Services & Infection Control, KIMS Alshifa Super Speciality Hospital, Perinthalmanna.
¹⁵¹ Consultant Microbiologist & Infection Control Officer, Balco Medical Centre, Raipur.
¹⁵² Head Lab Services & HICC, Balco Medical Centre, Raipur.
¹⁵³ Chief Microbiologist and Senior Consultant, Dept. of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, and Infection Control Officer, Peerless Hospitex Hospital and Research Center Ltd., Kolkata.
¹⁵⁴ Associate Consultant, Dept. of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Peerless Hospitex Hospital and Research Center Ltd., Kolkata.
¹⁵⁵ Deputy Nursing Superintendent, Peerless Hospitex Hospital and Research Center Ltd., Kolkata.
¹⁵⁶ Head and Senior Consultant Microbiologist,Infection Control Officer, Apollo Hospitals, Jubilee hills, Hyderabad.
¹⁵⁷ Consultant Microbiologist, Member IPCC, Apollo Hospitals, Jubilee hills, Hyderabad.
¹⁵⁸ Assistant Professor and Infection control officer-HICC, Department of Microbiology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute (Victoria Hospital) Bengaluru.
¹⁵⁹ Assistant Professor and Infection control officer- HICC, Department of Microbiology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute (Victoria Hospital) Bengaluru.
¹⁶⁰ Professor and HOD of Microbiology, Member Secretary, HICC, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute (Victoria Hospital) Bengaluru.
¹⁶¹ Consultant Infection control, Bethany Hospital, Thane, Maharashtra.
¹⁶² Consultant Microbiogist and Infection Control Officer, Manipal Hospital, HAL airport road, Bangalore.
¹⁶³ Consultant Intensivist Critical Care Medicine, Manipal Hospital, HAL airport road, Bangalore.
¹⁶⁴ Consultant Critical Care Medicine, Manipal Hospital, HAL airport road, Bangalore.
¹⁶⁵ Head of laboratory services and Head of HIC, Dr. Mehta's Hospitals, Chennai.
¹⁶⁶ Professor, Member Secretary, HICC, Kamineni Academy of Medical Sciences & Research Centre.
¹⁶⁷ Associate Professor, Infection Control Officer, HICC, Kamineni Academy of Medical Sciences & Research Centre.
¹⁶⁸ Professor of Microbiology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bangalore.
¹⁶⁹ Assistant Professor, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bangalore.
¹⁷⁰ Associate Professor of Microbiology and Officer in-charge, HICC, Velammal Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Madurai.
¹⁷¹ Professor and Head of Microbiology, Chairperson Hospital Infection Control Committee, Velammal Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Madurai.
¹⁷² Postgraduate of Microbiology, Velammal Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Madurai.
¹⁷³ Professor and Head, Panimalar Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Varadharajapuram, Poonamallee, Chennai 600123.
¹⁷⁴ Professor, Panimalar Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Varadharajapuram, Poonamallee, Chennai 600123.
¹⁷⁵ Associate Professor, Panimalar Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Varadharajapuram, Poonamallee, Chennai 600123.
¹⁷⁶ Associate Consultant, Dept of Microbiology and Infection Control Officer, Apollo Hospital Bilaspur.
¹⁷⁷ Senior Consultant, Dept .of Internal Medicine, Apollo Hospital Bilaspur.
¹⁷⁸ Professor & HOD of Microbiology and Officer in Charge, HICC, Jubilee Mission Medical College&RI, Thrissur.
¹⁷⁹ Associate Professor of Microbiology, Jubilee Mission Medical College & RI, Thrissur.
¹⁸⁰ Professor and HOD, Department of Microbiology, Infection Control Officer, Dr. Moopen's Medical College, Meppadi.
¹⁸¹ ENT Head and Neck Consultant, Dr. Moopen's Medical College, Meppadi.
¹⁸² Professor and HOD of Anatomy, Dr. Moopen's Medical College, Meppadi.
¹⁸³ Professor and HOD Microbiology, Breach Candy Hospital, Mumbai.
¹⁸⁴ Senior Infection Control Officer, Breach Candy Hospital, Mumbai.
¹⁸⁵ Assistant professor, Department of Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Hyderabad.
¹⁸⁶ Associate Professor of Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Hyderabad.
¹⁸⁷ Superintendent, Gandhi Hospital, General Medicine, Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Hyderabad.
¹⁸⁸ Professor and HOD, Department of Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Hyderabad.
¹⁸⁹ Professor, Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Hyderabad.
¹⁹⁰ Professor of Microbiology and Infection Control Officer, HICC, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry.
¹⁹¹ Associate Professor of Microbiology, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry.
¹⁹² Assistant professor of Microbiology, KMCH IHSR, KMCH Institute of Health Sciences and Research, Coimbatore.
¹⁹³ Professor and Head of Microbiology, KMCH IHSR, KMCH Institute of Health Sciences and Research, Coimbatore.
¹⁹⁴ ICU incharge, Critical care consultant, KMCH Institute of Health Sciences and Research, Coimbatore.
¹⁹⁵ Consultant Microbiologist, Thunga Hospital, Mumbai.
¹⁹⁶ Professor, Microbiology, NIMHANS (National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru.
¹⁹⁷ Professor, NIMHANS (National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru.
¹⁹⁸ Consultant Microbiology, Apollo Hospital, Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore.
¹⁹⁹ Registrar, Apollo Hospital, Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore.
²⁰⁰ Consultant Microbiologist and Infection Control Officer, Dr Rela institute and medical Centre, Chennai.
²⁰¹ Consultant ID Physician, Dr Rela institute and medical Centre, Chennai.
²⁰² Professor of Microbiology, Bangalore Medical college and research institute (Super speciality Hospital PMSSY).
²⁰³ Consultant Microbiologist, Metro Heart Institute with Multispecility, Faridabad.

Abstract

Background: Hand hygiene is a significant component involved in preventing transmission of health care associated infections including COVID-19. Compliance to hand hygiene among the health care workers (HCWs) requires evaluation and timely feedback. "You can't improve what you can't measure" is a famous saying and this multicentric study was designed to measure hand hygiene compliance and have birds eye view on hand hygiene compliance in COVID Intensive care units (ICUs) and wards across India.

Methods: A prospective multicentric observational study was conducted for a period of 6 months in 92 health care facility across India which included varied type of public and private hospitals. Hand hygiene audit was conducted in COVID ICU and COVID non-ICU wards in all these facilities by their HCWs using the IBHAR mobile application based on WHO's hand hygiene audit tool. Hand hygiene total adherence rate (HHTAR) and hand hygiene complete adherence rate (HHCAR) were analyzed and compared between 2 locations. Adherence rates were analyzed based on the zones, institute type, profession and for each WHO moments.

Results: A total of 1,61,056 hand hygiene opportunities were documented and adherence rates were recorded higher in COVID wards (HHTAR-61.4%; HHCAR-28.8%) than COVID ICUs (HHTAR-57.8%; HHCAR-25.6%). Overall, the adherence rates were observed higher in COVID wards (HHTAR- 68.1%; HHCAR-38.3%) of private hospitals, COVID wards of the west zone (HHTAR- 70.2%; HHCAR-36.8%), cleaning staffs of the COVID ward scores better compliance than all other professions in COVID ICUs and COVID wards. HHTAR was found to be the higher in moment 3 (After body fluid exposure-76.3%) followed by moment 4 (after touching patient-73.7%) done in COVID wards compared to moments done in ICUs.

Conclusions: This study highlights the practice of hand hygiene in COVID care locations across India. Effective strategies need to be implemented in COVID ICUs across the facilities to improve the compliance.

Keywords: COVID ICUs; COVID care location; COVID wards; Hand Hygiene audit; Hand hygiene adherence rate; Standard precautions.

Publication types

Multicenter Study
Observational Study

MeSH terms

COVID-19* / prevention & control
Cross Infection* / prevention & control
Guideline Adherence
Hand Disinfection
Hand Hygiene*
Health Personnel
Hospitals, Private
Humans
India
Intensive Care Units
Prospective Studies